Q2 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 66 
Ball and Ruin Canyons. The special object was to compare them 
with Sun Temple, a mysterious building uncovered last year (1915) 
on the Mesa Verde. The data obtained, too extensive to be here 
considered save in a general way, support the view, already pub- 
lished, that the tower is a type of kiva or ceremonial room. 
ANTHROPOLOGICAL WORK AMONG THE SIOUX AND 
CHIPPEWA 
Certain critical conditions among the Chippewa tribe and particu- 
larly that part of the tribe which occupies the White Earth reserva- 
tion, have led during the year just past to anthropological work in 
this tribe, and among the Sioux, which proved not only highly desir- 
able and interesting, but was followed so far as the Chippewa are 
concerned by certain very practical results. 
The Chippewa tribe as a whole is considerably mixed with whites. 
Most of this mixture is of French origin, but that of more recent 
times includes different elements of whites now settled or employed 
in the country. 
In behalf of the numerous mixed-bloods on the White Earth 
reservation, some of whom are well educated and self-supporting, 
the United States Congress in 1906-1907 enacted laws which made 
possible individual allotments of the tribal lands and permitted aliena- 
tion of property. Some of the allotments were covered with 
valuable timber, while others were desirable on account of the rich 
soil, the proximity to lakes, or for other reasons. The majority 
of the Indians were poor, without knowledge of the value of their 
property or of the ways of white men, and with little or no pro- 
tection. They became a rapid and easy prey of lumber companies 
and a multitude of land sharks, as a result of which, within a few 
years, hundreds of individuals, including full-bloods and minors, 
were pauperized, and the White Earth affair became one of the 
most shameful pages in the history of the white man’s dealings with 
the Indian. 
These facts are mentioned, however, cnly because they led to the 
anthropological study of the tribe. The frauds practised against the 
White Earth Chippewa became known to the Government, and a 
serious and prolonged effort was made by the Department of Justice 
to correct the evil. During the course of the last few years, more 
than fifteen hundred suits were filed against companies and individ- 
uals concerned in the frauds, and many of these could have been 
settled in justice to the Indian had it not been for the uncertainty 
respecting the blood status of many of those involved. Efforts were 
