100 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 66 
height was less than 5 feet. Excavations of many years ago had 
left two great gashes, one at each end of the mound, each partially 
disclosing a single long room. Including these dwellings, which 
were reexcavated only with considerable difficulty owing to the 
hardness of the clay which had accumulated over them, Mr. Judd 
successfully revealed and measured the walls of 14 rectangular 
houses, 11 of which were entirely cleared of fallen wall material 
and other débris. In addition to these habitations less permanent 
structures were disclosed in various parts of the mound, situated 
between the ruins of larger houses and even above their razed walls. 
These temporary structures were built of logs leaned against cross- 
Fig. 111.—Interior of an ancient adobe dwelling, showing remains of a wattled 
partition constructed after completion of the house. 
pieces supported by 4 upright posts surrounding a central fireplace 
and were of the same general character as those discovered in 1915 
at Willard and Beaver City. They apparently represent the survival 
of an earlier type of habitation, preserved in association with the 
adobe houses as mere shelters wherein were performed most of the 
domestic activities of the community. 
The characteristic ancient dwelling of this region was rectangular 
in shape; its vertical walls were constructed of superposed masses 
of plastic clay, forced into position and smoothed by the hands 
of the workmen. Lacking evidence to the contrary, it is believed 
that roof openings formed the only means of entrance to these 
houses, a belief substantiated by the very nature of the dwellings 
