﻿464 
  ANNUAL 
  REPORT 
  SMITHSONIAN" 
  INSTITUTION, 
  1929 
  

  

  is 
  only 
  15,000 
  indicating 
  a 
  decrease 
  of 
  89 
  per 
  cent 
  from 
  the 
  smaller 
  

   estimate. 
  Even 
  if 
  we 
  accept 
  Kroeber's 
  reduction 
  the 
  density 
  of 
  

   Indian 
  population 
  in 
  California 
  remains 
  nearly 
  four 
  times 
  that 
  of 
  

   the 
  rest 
  of 
  the 
  United 
  States. 
  

  

  The 
  nonagricultural 
  Indians 
  of 
  America 
  have 
  had 
  more 
  difficulty 
  

   meeting 
  the 
  competition 
  of 
  the 
  whites 
  than 
  the 
  agricultural 
  Indians 
  

   except 
  those 
  bearing 
  the 
  full 
  brunt 
  of 
  early 
  colonization. 
  Their 
  old 
  

   food 
  supply 
  has 
  been 
  cut 
  off, 
  and 
  violent 
  readjustments 
  in 
  their 
  

   mode 
  of 
  life 
  have 
  been 
  accompanied 
  by 
  a 
  rising 
  death 
  rate. 
  Along 
  

   the 
  Pacific 
  coast 
  the 
  salmon 
  runs 
  have 
  been 
  depleted 
  by 
  commercial 
  

   fisheries 
  ; 
  elsewhere 
  wild 
  game 
  has 
  been 
  killed 
  off, 
  including 
  the 
  great 
  

   herds 
  of 
  buffalo 
  on 
  the 
  plains; 
  while 
  on 
  the 
  plateau 
  natural 
  gardens 
  

   of 
  camas 
  and 
  other 
  edible 
  roots 
  have 
  yielded 
  to 
  the 
  white 
  man's 
  wheat- 
  

   fields. 
  Besides 
  suffering 
  these 
  economic 
  losses 
  the 
  nonagricultural 
  

   Indians 
  in 
  general 
  have 
  been 
  more 
  warlike, 
  or 
  at 
  least 
  more 
  given 
  to 
  

   resisting 
  injustice, 
  and 
  have 
  invoked 
  their 
  own 
  extermination. 
  In 
  

   the 
  case 
  of 
  California 
  many 
  tribes 
  fell 
  under 
  missionary 
  control; 
  

   among 
  these 
  the 
  percentage 
  of 
  survival 
  is 
  very 
  low. 
  Indian 
  mortality 
  

   in 
  Oregon, 
  Washington, 
  and 
  Idaho 
  has 
  also 
  greatly 
  exceeded 
  the 
  

   birth 
  rate 
  since 
  the 
  advent 
  of 
  the 
  whites, 
  the 
  population 
  figures 
  for 
  

   1780 
  being 
  89,300 
  and 
  for 
  1907 
  only 
  15,431. 
  British 
  Columbia 
  and 
  

   southern 
  Alaska 
  show 
  nearly 
  as 
  bad 
  a 
  record. 
  

  

  These 
  nonagricultural 
  western 
  summaries 
  will 
  now 
  be 
  contrasted 
  

   with 
  eastern 
  agricultural 
  ones 
  for 
  tribes 
  distributed 
  in 
  a 
  continuous 
  

   area 
  from 
  the 
  Great 
  Lakes 
  to 
  the 
  Gulf 
  of 
  Mexico 
  and 
  from 
  the 
  Atlan- 
  

   tic 
  to 
  considerably 
  beyond 
  the 
  Mississippi 
  and 
  well 
  up 
  the 
  Missouri. 
  

   The 
  purely 
  nomadic 
  buffalo-hunting 
  tribes 
  of 
  the 
  Great 
  Plains 
  are 
  

   marginal 
  and 
  are 
  eliminated 
  from 
  the 
  tabulation 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  all 
  Cana- 
  

   dian 
  tribes 
  except 
  the 
  few 
  that 
  practiced 
  agriculture. 
  The 
  dates 
  at 
  

   the 
  left 
  in 
  the 
  following 
  table 
  give 
  the 
  eras 
  at 
  which 
  Mooney 
  calcu- 
  

   lates 
  the 
  population. 
  

  

  1600. 
  New 
  England, 
  New 
  York, 
  New 
  Jersey, 
  and 
  Pennsylvania 
  55,600 
  

  

  1600. 
  Maryland, 
  Delaware, 
  the 
  Virginias, 
  and 
  the 
  Carolinas 
  52, 
  200 
  

  

  1650. 
  Georgia, 
  Alabama, 
  Tennessee, 
  Florida, 
  Mississippi, 
  most 
  of 
  Lou- 
  

   isiana, 
  and 
  part 
  of 
  Arkansas 
  22 
  114, 
  400 
  

  

  1650. 
  Agricultural 
  tribes 
  of 
  the 
  Central 
  States 
  23 
  40, 
  300 
  

  

  1696. 
  Agricultural 
  tribes 
  of 
  the 
  Southern 
  Plains 
  12, 
  900 
  

  

  1780. 
  Agricultural 
  tribes 
  of 
  the 
  Northern 
  Plains 
  38, 
  000 
  

  

  1600. 
  Agricultural 
  tribes 
  of 
  southern 
  Canada 
  35,300 
  

  

  348, 
  700 
  

  

  This 
  eastern 
  agricultural 
  area 
  covers 
  about 
  1,375,000 
  square 
  miles 
  

   of 
  territory, 
  and 
  the 
  figures 
  of 
  Mooney 
  give 
  one 
  person 
  to 
  four 
  square 
  

  

  " 
  Swanton, 
  who 
  edits 
  Moonoy's 
  work, 
  reduces 
  those 
  figures 
  by 
  about 
  18,000 
  mostly 
  on 
  estimates 
  of 
  the 
  

   Creek 
  and 
  Chickasaw. 
  

   " 
  I 
  exclude 
  the 
  Ojibwa 
  as 
  nonagricultural 
  until 
  recent 
  times. 
  Some 
  of 
  the 
  other 
  tribes 
  are 
  only 
  partly 
  

  

  agricultural. 
  

  

  