﻿466 
  ANNUAL 
  REPORT 
  SMITHSONIAN 
  INSTITUTION, 
  192 
  9 
  

  

  This 
  may 
  be 
  true 
  if 
  the 
  advent 
  is 
  placed 
  at 
  1610 
  A. 
  D. 
  instead 
  of 
  

   1492 
  A. 
  D. 
  Also 
  the 
  abundant 
  remains 
  have 
  been 
  explained 
  by 
  imag- 
  

   ining 
  a 
  small 
  population 
  existing 
  for 
  a 
  very 
  long 
  time. 
  But 
  evidences 
  

   of 
  art 
  and 
  the 
  law 
  of 
  population 
  increase 
  do 
  not 
  justify 
  such 
  dilation. 
  

   It 
  is 
  at 
  least 
  seen 
  that 
  the 
  concept 
  of 
  mounds 
  for 
  temple 
  foundations 
  

   can 
  not 
  live 
  when 
  generations 
  after 
  generations 
  are 
  called 
  upon 
  to 
  

   build 
  the 
  substructure 
  of 
  the 
  temple. 
  Rather 
  it 
  seems 
  that 
  the 
  eastern 
  

   agricultural 
  area 
  must 
  once 
  have 
  supported 
  several 
  millions 
  and 
  that 
  

   a 
  halcyon 
  period 
  a 
  century 
  or 
  two 
  before 
  the 
  arrival 
  of 
  Columbu«? 
  

   was 
  ended 
  by 
  war 
  and 
  the 
  pressure 
  of 
  wild 
  tribes. 
  

  

  THE 
  CASE 
  OF 
  PECOS 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  Pueblo 
  area 
  abundant 
  evidence 
  points 
  to 
  an 
  ancient 
  regime 
  

   of 
  agriculture 
  following 
  an 
  introduction 
  of 
  maize, 
  beans, 
  etc. 
  from 
  

   Mexico 
  on 
  the 
  culture 
  levels 
  known 
  as 
  Basket 
  Makers 
  II 
  and 
  III. 
  

   Strangely 
  enough, 
  the 
  earliest 
  finds 
  come 
  from 
  a 
  small 
  region 
  far 
  

   removed 
  from 
  the 
  Mexican 
  border,^^ 
  while 
  on 
  the 
  following 
  culture 
  

   levels 
  called 
  Pueblo 
  I 
  and 
  II 
  the 
  geographical 
  expansion 
  of 
  small- 
  

   town 
  remains 
  reaches 
  its 
  greatest 
  extent 
  towards 
  the 
  northwest. 
  

   Pueblo 
  III 
  is 
  the 
  time 
  level 
  of 
  large 
  towns 
  formed 
  by 
  consolidations 
  

   of 
  small 
  ones, 
  and 
  there 
  is 
  a 
  withdrawal 
  from 
  the 
  northwest 
  towards 
  

   the 
  south, 
  without, 
  however, 
  any 
  great 
  change 
  in 
  the 
  total 
  area 
  cov- 
  

   ered. 
  In 
  this 
  brilliant 
  period 
  the 
  population 
  of 
  the 
  Southwest 
  reached 
  

   its 
  maximum, 
  and 
  trade 
  with 
  Mexico 
  was 
  developed. 
  The 
  Pueblo 
  

   outposts 
  were 
  then 
  in 
  the 
  State 
  of 
  Chihuahua, 
  and 
  the 
  Toltec 
  outposts 
  

   were 
  close 
  by 
  in 
  Durango. 
  Pueblo 
  art 
  and 
  ceremony 
  gained 
  new 
  ele- 
  

   ments 
  from 
  their 
  Mexican 
  correspondents. 
  This 
  vitalizing 
  contact 
  

   doubtless 
  ceased 
  with 
  the 
  fall 
  of 
  the 
  Toltec 
  empire 
  in 
  1220, 
  and 
  it 
  is 
  

   a 
  remarkable 
  fact 
  that 
  a 
  collapse 
  in 
  the 
  Southwest 
  closely 
  paralleled 
  

   the 
  collapse 
  in 
  Mexico. 
  In 
  part 
  this 
  must 
  be 
  explained 
  by 
  the 
  raiding 
  

   activity 
  of 
  nomadic 
  tribes; 
  but, 
  whatever 
  the 
  causes, 
  the 
  area 
  occupied 
  

   by 
  the 
  village 
  Indians 
  shrank 
  suddenly 
  to 
  about 
  the 
  present 
  meager 
  

   limits. 
  There 
  must 
  have 
  been 
  a 
  sharp 
  decrease 
  in 
  numbers 
  over 
  the 
  

   total 
  area 
  of 
  the 
  Southwest, 
  and 
  this 
  decrease 
  seems 
  to 
  have 
  continued 
  

   till 
  comparatively 
  recent 
  times. 
  At 
  least 
  many 
  villages 
  have 
  been 
  

   abandoned, 
  and 
  two 
  languages, 
  the 
  Tano 
  and 
  Piro, 
  have 
  become 
  

   extinct. 
  

  

  A 
  population 
  curve 
  for 
  the 
  pueblo 
  of 
  Pecos 
  has 
  been 
  constructed 
  

   by 
  E. 
  A. 
  Hooton 
  on 
  the 
  basis 
  of 
  burials 
  associated 
  with 
  pottery, 
  which 
  

   reaches 
  a 
  peak 
  at 
  about 
  5,000.'* 
  In 
  general 
  the 
  results 
  obtained 
  are 
  

   in 
  agreement 
  with 
  the 
  archeological 
  evidence 
  in 
  the 
  number 
  of 
  rooms 
  

  

  " 
  See, 
  for 
  example, 
  A. 
  V. 
  Kidder: 
  An 
  Introduction 
  to 
  the 
  Study 
  of 
  Southwestern 
  Archeology, 
  Published 
  

   for 
  the 
  Dept. 
  of 
  Archaeology, 
  Phillips 
  Academy, 
  Andover, 
  Mass. 
  Papers 
  of 
  the 
  Southwestern 
  Expedition, 
  

   No 
  1, 
  New 
  Haven, 
  1924. 
  

  

  •* 
  Manuscript 
  on 
  Skeletal 
  Remains 
  at 
  Pecos, 
  to 
  be 
  published 
  in 
  the 
  same 
  series 
  as 
  reference 
  24. 
  

  

  