﻿POPULATION 
  OF 
  ANCIENT 
  AMERICA 
  — 
  SPINDEN 
  

  

  467 
  

  

  occupied 
  at 
  different 
  times. 
  We 
  seem 
  to 
  have 
  here 
  a 
  population 
  curve 
  

   in 
  which 
  the 
  rise 
  is 
  explained 
  by 
  social 
  and 
  economic 
  efficiencies 
  and 
  

   the 
  fall 
  by 
  decreasing 
  agricultural 
  returns, 
  by 
  disease 
  introduced 
  by 
  

   Europeans, 
  and 
  lastly 
  by 
  savage 
  warfare 
  intensified 
  after 
  the 
  horse 
  

   had 
  made 
  long 
  raids 
  possible. 
  

  

  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  ARID-LAND 
  CIVILIZATION 
  

  

  In 
  South 
  America 
  the 
  agricultural 
  civilizations 
  are 
  more 
  ancient 
  

   in 
  the 
  arid 
  and 
  open 
  regions 
  of 
  Colombia, 
  Ecuador, 
  Peru, 
  etc., 
  than 
  in 
  

   the 
  wet 
  forested 
  regions 
  of 
  the 
  Guianas 
  and 
  Brazil; 
  but 
  fluctuations 
  

   and 
  displacements 
  of 
  population 
  are 
  more 
  marked 
  in 
  the 
  wet 
  country 
  

   for 
  reasons 
  that 
  are 
  not 
  far 
  to 
  seek. 
  

  

  The 
  earlier 
  series 
  of 
  Central 
  American 
  economic 
  plants 
  must 
  have 
  

   reached 
  Peru 
  during 
  the 
  Archaic 
  period 
  a 
  thousand 
  years 
  or 
  more 
  

  

  Figure 
  5.— 
  Development 
  of 
  Pueblo 
  culture. 
  The 
  left-hand 
  map 
  shows 
  the 
  nucleus 
  of 
  Pueblo 
  cultujo; 
  

   dotted 
  line, 
  region 
  of 
  Basket 
  Maker 
  II; 
  dashed 
  line, 
  Basket 
  Maker 
  III; 
  solid 
  line, 
  Pueblo 
  I. 
  The 
  

   right-hand 
  map 
  shows 
  the 
  expansion 
  and 
  contraction 
  of 
  Pueblo 
  culture; 
  dotted 
  line, 
  Pueblo 
  II; 
  dashed 
  

   line, 
  Pueblo 
  III; 
  solid 
  line, 
  region 
  occupied 
  at 
  the 
  conquest; 
  modern 
  Pueblos 
  are 
  shown 
  by 
  dots 
  

  

  before 
  the 
  time 
  of 
  Christ. 
  Under 
  the 
  fairly 
  stable 
  but 
  inelastic 
  condi- 
  

   tions 
  of 
  desert-land 
  farming 
  a 
  practical 
  balance 
  between 
  population 
  

   and 
  food 
  supply 
  may 
  well 
  have 
  been 
  reached 
  on 
  the 
  basis 
  of 
  these 
  

   plants 
  and 
  maintained 
  with 
  little 
  change 
  for 
  many 
  centuries. 
  One 
  

   frequently 
  hears 
  the 
  opinion 
  expressed 
  that 
  the 
  agricultural 
  terraces, 
  

   or 
  andenes, 
  of 
  Peru 
  indicate 
  a 
  greater 
  population 
  in 
  the 
  past 
  than 
  now 
  

   exists. 
  But 
  these 
  terraces 
  are 
  still 
  used 
  in 
  rotation; 
  and, 
  while 
  im- 
  

   pressive 
  monuments 
  for 
  conservation, 
  they 
  do 
  not, 
  in 
  fact, 
  retrieve 
  

   much 
  acreage. 
  

  

  There 
  was 
  on 
  the 
  Peruvian 
  highlands 
  a 
  great 
  use 
  of 
  the 
  indigenous 
  

   potato, 
  which 
  may 
  have 
  been 
  gathered 
  anciently 
  as 
  a 
  wild 
  root 
  crop. 
  

   82322—30 
  31 
  

  

  