﻿468 
  ANNUAL 
  REPORT 
  SMITHSONIAN 
  INSTITUTION, 
  192 
  9 
  

  

  It 
  is 
  an 
  important 
  question 
  whether 
  the 
  Andean 
  tuber 
  actually 
  ante- 
  

   dates 
  maize, 
  beans, 
  and 
  squashes 
  in 
  Peruvian 
  cultivation; 
  probably 
  

   not, 
  however, 
  since 
  the 
  shell 
  heaps 
  of 
  Ancon,^^ 
  quite 
  outside 
  the 
  natural 
  

   habitat 
  of 
  the 
  potato, 
  nevertheless 
  yield 
  evidences 
  of 
  sedentary 
  

   agricultural 
  life 
  earlier 
  than 
  proto-Nascan 
  remains, 
  likewise 
  near 
  

   the 
  coast; 
  and 
  these 
  in 
  turn 
  antedate 
  the 
  classical 
  remains 
  at 
  Tia- 
  

   huanaco 
  on 
  the 
  plateau. 
  The 
  use 
  of 
  the 
  potato 
  extended 
  from 
  Chile 
  

   into 
  western 
  Venezuela 
  along 
  the 
  Andean 
  ridges. 
  

  

  In 
  spite 
  of 
  various 
  shiftings 
  in 
  the 
  centers 
  of 
  empire^" 
  the 
  population 
  

   of 
  Peru 
  seems 
  to 
  have 
  maintained 
  itself 
  without 
  cataclysmic 
  breaks 
  

   before 
  the 
  coming 
  of 
  the 
  Spaniards. 
  There 
  were, 
  to 
  be 
  sure, 
  certain 
  

   peaks 
  of 
  artistry 
  which 
  may 
  or 
  may 
  not 
  correspond 
  to 
  peaks 
  of 
  

   population. 
  It 
  is 
  my 
  opinion 
  that 
  extensions 
  of 
  civilizing 
  influences 
  

   from 
  Central 
  into 
  South 
  America 
  will 
  be 
  found 
  to 
  correspond 
  roughly 
  

   with 
  the 
  Maya 
  and 
  Toltec 
  culture 
  crests, 
  i. 
  e. 
  400-600 
  A. 
  D. 
  and 
  

   1000-1200 
  A. 
  D. 
  The 
  evidence 
  of 
  these 
  streams 
  of 
  influence 
  is 
  seen 
  

   more 
  clearly 
  in 
  the 
  wet-land 
  cultures 
  than 
  the 
  dry 
  but 
  may 
  be 
  noted 
  

   in 
  the 
  art 
  of 
  Chavin 
  and 
  Recuay 
  and 
  more 
  fully 
  still 
  at 
  Puruha 
  in 
  

   Ecuador,^^ 
  

  

  There 
  is 
  no 
  reason 
  to 
  believe 
  that 
  the 
  rapid 
  growth 
  of 
  Inca 
  power 
  

   entailed 
  great 
  wastage 
  of 
  life. 
  Indeed, 
  the 
  improved 
  economic 
  

   condition 
  which 
  followed 
  the 
  building 
  of 
  roads 
  and 
  the 
  opening 
  up 
  

   of 
  new 
  provinces 
  may 
  actually 
  have 
  brought 
  about 
  an 
  increase 
  in 
  

   numbers, 
  at 
  least 
  making 
  it 
  easier 
  to 
  relieve 
  famines. 
  One 
  thing 
  is 
  

   evident 
  enough 
  : 
  The 
  Peruvian 
  conquests 
  were 
  made 
  in 
  regions 
  where 
  

   sedentary 
  agricultural 
  life 
  had 
  long 
  since 
  been 
  established. 
  Archeo- 
  

   logical 
  stratifications 
  in 
  Ecuador 
  ^^ 
  on 
  the 
  one 
  hand 
  and 
  in 
  Argentina 
  ^^ 
  

   on 
  the 
  other 
  prove 
  this. 
  

  

  Perhaps 
  density 
  of 
  population 
  in 
  the 
  region 
  covered 
  by 
  the 
  Peru- 
  

   vian 
  empire 
  reached 
  its 
  apogee 
  under 
  Huayna 
  Capac, 
  the 
  eleventh 
  

   Inca 
  (1470-1525). 
  But 
  the 
  arrival 
  of 
  Pizarro 
  in 
  1532, 
  in 
  conjunction 
  

   with 
  the 
  fratricidal 
  triumph 
  of 
  Atahualpa, 
  was 
  a 
  stroke 
  of 
  doom. 
  

   There 
  was 
  surely 
  a 
  tremendous 
  falling 
  off 
  among 
  the 
  Indians 
  of 
  Peru 
  

   after 
  the 
  Spanish 
  occupation 
  — 
  the 
  dire 
  result 
  of 
  repressive 
  measures, 
  

  

  ** 
  Max 
  Uhle: 
  Die 
  Muschelhugel 
  von 
  Ancon, 
  Peru, 
  Proc. 
  18th 
  Internatl. 
  Congr. 
  Americanists 
  Held 
  at 
  

   London, 
  1912, 
  pp. 
  22-45, 
  1913. 
  

  

  '» 
  See 
  for 
  instance 
  P. 
  A. 
  Means: 
  An 
  Outline 
  of 
  the 
  Culture-Sequence 
  in 
  the 
  Andean 
  Area, 
  Proc. 
  19th 
  

   Internatl. 
  Congr. 
  Americanists 
  Held 
  at 
  Washington, 
  Dec. 
  27-31, 
  1915, 
  pp. 
  236-252, 
  Washington, 
  1917. 
  

  

  J. 
  C. 
  Tello: 
  Introduccion 
  a 
  la 
  historia 
  antigua 
  del 
  Peru, 
  Lima, 
  1922, 
  and 
  various 
  papers 
  in 
  Inca,Lima, 
  

   1923—. 
  

  

  Stratigraphic 
  and 
  stylistic 
  studies 
  are 
  among 
  papers 
  by 
  A. 
  L. 
  Kroeber, 
  W. 
  D. 
  Strong, 
  Max 
  Uhle, 
  and 
  

   A. 
  H. 
  Gayton 
  in 
  Univ. 
  of 
  California 
  Pubis, 
  in 
  Amer. 
  Archaeol. 
  and 
  EthnoL, 
  Vol. 
  21, 
  Nos. 
  1-8, 
  1924-1927, 
  

   and 
  see 
  also 
  the 
  paper 
  on 
  The 
  Uhle 
  Pottery 
  Collection 
  from 
  Nasca, 
  by 
  A.H. 
  Gayton 
  and 
  A. 
  L. 
  Kroeber, 
  

   ibid.. 
  Vol. 
  24, 
  No. 
  1, 
  1927. 
  

  

  " 
  Jacinto 
  Jijon 
  y 
  Caamano: 
  Puruha, 
  Bol. 
  Acad. 
  Nacl. 
  de 
  Hist. 
  Quito, 
  Vol. 
  3, 
  1922, 
  and 
  succeeding 
  

   volumes, 
  

  

  " 
  Jijon 
  y 
  Caamafio, 
  op. 
  cit. 
  

  

  •' 
  Eric 
  Boman: 
  Los 
  ensayos 
  de 
  establecer 
  una 
  cronologfa 
  prehispSnica 
  en 
  la 
  region 
  Diaguita 
  (Repilblica 
  

   Argentina), 
  Bol. 
  Acad. 
  Nacl. 
  de 
  Hist., 
  Quito, 
  Vol. 
  6, 
  pp. 
  1-27, 
  1923. 
  

  

  