﻿POPULATION" 
  OF 
  ANCIENT 
  AMERICA 
  SPINDEN 
  469 
  

  

  slavery, 
  starvation, 
  and 
  disease. 
  The 
  adjudication 
  of 
  numbers 
  for 
  

   an 
  era 
  of 
  1525, 
  when 
  the 
  eleventh 
  Inca 
  died 
  without 
  knowledge 
  of 
  

   the 
  coming 
  collapse 
  of 
  his 
  great 
  empire, 
  can 
  not 
  be 
  made 
  now; 
  but 
  it 
  

   is 
  not 
  impossible 
  that 
  in 
  many 
  regions 
  of 
  Peru, 
  Bolivia, 
  and 
  Equador 
  

   the 
  Indian 
  has 
  about 
  retrieved 
  his 
  former 
  situation 
  as 
  regards 
  numbers. 
  

  

  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  CENTERS 
  OF 
  WET-LAND 
  CULTURE 
  

  

  These 
  general 
  observations 
  on 
  the 
  stability 
  of 
  arid-land 
  civilizations 
  

   do 
  not 
  hold 
  true 
  of 
  certain 
  rather 
  brilliant 
  but 
  restricted 
  cultures 
  of 
  

   Colombia 
  and 
  Ecuador 
  which 
  flourished 
  in 
  humid 
  lands 
  and 
  which 
  

   had 
  pretty 
  clearly 
  fallen 
  into 
  decay 
  before 
  the 
  arrival 
  of 
  European 
  

   marauders; 
  nor 
  do 
  they 
  hold 
  true 
  of 
  ancient 
  centers 
  of 
  wet-land 
  civili- 
  

   zation 
  in 
  Venezuela 
  and 
  Brazil, 
  located 
  farther 
  to 
  the 
  east. 
  In 
  Colom- 
  

   bia 
  and 
  Ecuador, 
  I 
  refer 
  more 
  especially 
  to 
  the 
  Zenu, 
  who 
  occupied 
  

   territory 
  east 
  of 
  the 
  Gulf 
  of 
  Uruba; 
  to 
  the 
  Quimbaya,^* 
  who 
  held 
  the 
  

   middle 
  valley 
  of 
  the 
  Cauca; 
  to 
  the 
  nameless 
  people 
  who 
  built 
  the 
  stone 
  

   monuments 
  of 
  San 
  Augustin 
  ^^ 
  on 
  the 
  headwaters 
  of 
  the 
  Magdalena; 
  

   and 
  to 
  other 
  tribes, 
  whose 
  very 
  designations 
  are 
  doubtful 
  but 
  who 
  

   once 
  ruled 
  the 
  Pacific 
  coast 
  of 
  Colombia 
  and 
  Ecuador 
  from 
  Choco 
  to 
  

   Manta. 
  An 
  outlying 
  contemporar}^ 
  center 
  was 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  Tairona 
  

   on 
  the 
  flanks 
  of 
  the 
  Santa 
  Marta 
  Mountains 
  in 
  eastern 
  Colombia, 
  

   recently 
  described 
  by 
  Mason. 
  ^^ 
  

  

  These 
  form 
  an 
  interesting 
  chain 
  of 
  localities 
  where 
  the 
  humid 
  

   tropics 
  were 
  temporarily 
  conquered 
  after 
  the 
  manner 
  of 
  the 
  Mayas. 
  

   The 
  economic 
  and 
  social 
  interrelations 
  of 
  these 
  localities 
  are 
  found 
  

   on 
  the 
  historical 
  levels 
  of 
  Mayan 
  and 
  especially 
  Chorotegan 
  develop- 
  

   ments, 
  or 
  safely 
  within 
  the 
  Christian 
  era. 
  The 
  special 
  contribution 
  

   of 
  these 
  South 
  American 
  States 
  was 
  in 
  metal 
  working 
  according 
  to 
  a 
  

   technique 
  which 
  was 
  afterwards 
  imitated 
  in 
  Mexico, 
  namely, 
  a 
  kind 
  

   of 
  filigree 
  jewelry 
  made 
  by 
  the 
  lost 
  wax 
  process. 
  Since 
  no 
  examples 
  

   of 
  this 
  jewelry 
  or 
  any 
  other 
  objects 
  of 
  metal 
  occur 
  at 
  the 
  First 
  Empire 
  

   sites 
  of 
  the 
  Mayas, 
  while 
  numerous 
  specimens, 
  some 
  being 
  clearly 
  of 
  

   Colombian 
  manufacture, 
  are 
  found 
  in 
  Northern 
  Yucatan 
  in 
  deposits 
  

   of 
  about 
  1200 
  A. 
  D., 
  the 
  conclusion 
  is 
  that 
  the 
  characteristic 
  art 
  of 
  

   the 
  southern 
  centers 
  flourished 
  broadly 
  from 
  500 
  to 
  1300 
  A. 
  D. 
  with 
  

   activity 
  in 
  trading 
  during 
  the 
  last 
  two 
  or 
  three 
  centuries 
  of 
  this 
  period. 
  

  

  * 
  Ernesto 
  Restrepo 
  Tirado: 
  Los 
  Quimbayas, 
  a 
  dficimo 
  octavo 
  Congreso 
  Internacional 
  de 
  Americanistas 
  

   que 
  se 
  reunira 
  en 
  Londres 
  en 
  Mayo 
  de 
  1912, 
  Edicion 
  oflcial, 
  66 
  pp., 
  Bogota, 
  1912. 
  

  

  Eduard 
  Seler: 
  Die 
  Quimbaya 
  und 
  ihre 
  Nachbarn, 
  Gesammelte 
  Ablandl., 
  Berlin, 
  Vol. 
  5, 
  pp. 
  63-76, 
  1915. 
  

   From 
  Globus, 
  Vol. 
  64, 
  pp. 
  242-248, 
  1893. 
  

  

  '5 
  K. 
  T. 
  Preuss: 
  Bericht 
  iiber 
  meine 
  archaologischen 
  und 
  ethnologischen 
  Forschungsreisen 
  in 
  Kolumbien, 
  

   Zeitschr. 
  fiir 
  Ethnologic, 
  Vol. 
  52-53, 
  pp. 
  89-128, 
  1920-21. 
  "Ausgrabungen 
  in 
  der 
  Oegend 
  von 
  San 
  Agustin" 
  

   covers 
  pp. 
  91-105. 
  

  

  Idem: 
  Die 
  Ausstrahlungen 
  der 
  San 
  Augustin-Kultur 
  in 
  Amerika, 
  Zeitschr. 
  fiir 
  Ethnologie, 
  Vol. 
  59, 
  pp. 
  

   111-112, 
  1927. 
  

  

  " 
  J. 
  Alden 
  Mason: 
  Archeological 
  Researches 
  in 
  the 
  Region 
  of 
  Santa 
  Marta, 
  Colombia, 
  Compte-Rendu 
  

   Congres 
  Internatl. 
  des 
  Americanistes, 
  21st 
  Session, 
  2nd 
  Part 
  , 
  at 
  Goteburg, 
  1924, 
  pp. 
  159-166, 
  Goteburg 
  Mu- 
  

   seum, 
  1925. 
  

  

  