﻿488 
  ANNUAL 
  KErORT 
  SMITHSONIAN 
  INSTITUTION, 
  1929 
  

  

  strong 
  characters 
  such 
  as 
  the 
  cacique 
  Caonabo, 
  and 
  the 
  increase 
  or 
  

   decrease 
  of 
  popidation 
  in 
  dillcrent 
  parts 
  of 
  the 
  island 
  served 
  to 
  make 
  

   social 
  and 
  political 
  conditions 
  subject 
  to 
  sudden 
  change. 
  It 
  is 
  to 
  

   be 
  assumed 
  that 
  the 
  influence 
  of 
  the 
  warlike 
  Caribs 
  and 
  the 
  intro- 
  

   duction 
  of 
  new 
  weapons 
  which 
  they 
  brought 
  with 
  them 
  were 
  added 
  

   factors 
  making 
  for 
  social 
  change. 
  Improvements 
  in 
  native 
  agricul- 
  

   ture, 
  as 
  irrigation 
  in 
  Xaragua, 
  and 
  the 
  growing 
  of 
  maize 
  in 
  the 
  Vega 
  

   accelerated 
  culture 
  advance 
  on 
  the 
  part 
  of 
  sedentary 
  agriculturists. 
  

   Differences 
  in 
  speech 
  easily 
  developed 
  between 
  the 
  hunters 
  living 
  in 
  

   the 
  mountains, 
  as 
  the 
  Ciguayans 
  of 
  Saniana 
  Peninsula 
  and 
  of 
  the 
  

   Cordillera 
  Setentrional 
  on 
  the 
  one 
  hand, 
  and 
  the 
  subjects 
  of 
  Guarionex 
  

   who 
  lived 
  by 
  agriculture 
  in 
  the 
  Cibao 
  Valley. 
  The 
  Ciguayans 
  were 
  a 
  

   mountain 
  folk 
  and 
  spoke 
  a 
  dialect 
  not 
  readily 
  understood 
  by 
  the 
  

   valley 
  folk. 
  The 
  historical 
  method 
  of 
  collecting 
  observations 
  of 
  

   contemporary 
  Spanish 
  writers 
  must 
  be 
  supplemented 
  with 
  archeologi- 
  

   cal 
  studies 
  of 
  cultural 
  remains 
  to 
  arrive 
  at 
  any 
  understanding 
  of 
  

   culture 
  sequence 
  on 
  the 
  island. 
  Archeological 
  methods 
  alone 
  can 
  

   explain 
  the 
  many 
  crude 
  artifacts 
  of 
  stone, 
  shell, 
  or 
  bone 
  embedded 
  

   in 
  middens 
  throughout 
  the 
  island 
  as 
  being 
  either 
  pre-Arawak 
  or 
  as 
  

   belonging 
  to 
  an 
  early 
  stage 
  of 
  Arawak 
  culture 
  antedating 
  the 
  develop- 
  

   ment 
  of 
  agriculture. 
  

  

  Within 
  historic 
  times 
  the 
  aboriginal 
  population 
  of 
  the 
  West 
  Indies 
  

   has 
  included 
  two 
  linguistic 
  stocks, 
  the 
  Carib 
  and 
  the 
  Arawak. 
  The 
  

   Arawak 
  were 
  in 
  possession 
  of 
  the 
  entire 
  island 
  of 
  Haiti 
  but 
  differed 
  

   remarkably 
  in 
  their 
  culture 
  activities 
  in 
  various 
  parts. 
  The 
  Caribs 
  

   were 
  encroaching 
  on 
  Arawakan 
  settlements 
  along 
  the 
  north 
  coast, 
  

   but 
  had 
  never 
  penetrated 
  the 
  interior. 
  How 
  long 
  a 
  period 
  of 
  occu- 
  

   pancy 
  by 
  the 
  Arawak 
  had 
  elapsed 
  prior 
  to 
  the 
  advent 
  of 
  the 
  Spanish 
  

   remains 
  an 
  unsolved 
  problem, 
  A 
  still 
  more 
  engrossing 
  problem 
  is 
  the 
  

   question 
  of 
  a 
  pre- 
  Arawakan 
  population. 
  

  

  That 
  the 
  Arawak 
  population 
  had 
  been 
  preceded 
  by 
  an 
  earlier 
  

   less-developed 
  folk 
  culturally 
  has 
  been 
  reported 
  by 
  Spanish 
  writers 
  

   and 
  is 
  confirmed 
  apparently 
  by 
  archeological 
  excavations 
  on 
  Cuba 
  

   and 
  Haiti. 
  Vague 
  reports 
  by 
  Las 
  Casas, 
  Oviedo, 
  and 
  others 
  tell 
  of 
  a 
  

   })rimitive 
  people 
  existing 
  in 
  southwestern 
  Haiti. 
  Moralis 
  wrote 
  that 
  

   in 
  the 
  mountains 
  of 
  western 
  Haiti 
  there 
  existed 
  wild 
  men 
  without 
  

   fixed 
  abode, 
  without 
  a 
  language 
  (sic), 
  and 
  not 
  given 
  to 
  the 
  practice 
  

   of 
  agriculture. 
  Oviedo 
  wrote 
  that 
  a 
  cave 
  population 
  in 
  western 
  

   Haiti 
  was 
  not 
  subdued 
  until 
  1504. 
  The 
  researches 
  of 
  William 
  Gabb 
  

   in 
  1869-1871 
  in 
  the 
  vicinity 
  of 
  Samana 
  Bay 
  appear 
  to 
  establish 
  the 
  

   presence 
  of 
  culture 
  stratification 
  in 
  certain 
  caves. 
  This 
  discovery 
  was 
  

   verified 
  and 
  amplified 
  by 
  expeditions 
  from 
  the 
  United 
  States 
  National 
  

   Museum 
  in 
  1928 
  and 
  1929, 
  but 
  the 
  question 
  is 
  still 
  unsolved 
  as 
  to 
  

   whether 
  this 
  stratification 
  reveals 
  a 
  pre-Arawak 
  population 
  as 
  having 
  

   frequented 
  the 
  caves, 
  or 
  whether 
  it 
  merely 
  points 
  to 
  a 
  rather 
  marked 
  

  

  