278 Dr. Waller's Microscopic Examination of the 



disease. The fungiform are larger, more red, nearly globular 

 in form, and supported by a stem which gives them the ap- 

 pearance of a mushroom or berry with its stalk. They are 

 much less numerous than the former, amongst which they are 

 interspersed. They exist in greater numbers at the tip and 

 borders of the tongue, where the sensation of taste is most 

 acute. The lenticular papillae are the largest, and are confined 

 to the base of the tongue, and are only about fifteen in number. 



2. In Berre's plates of microscopic anatomy, an injected 

 fungiform papilla is represented, which appears entirely com- 

 posed of vascular coils arranged in nearly a globular shape. 

 Cruveilhier says, "Les papilles qui herissent la langue represent 

 le corps papillaire de la peau, a son summum de developpe- 

 ment. Elles recoivent des nerfs. Haller les a poursuivis 

 jusque dans les papilles. Je les ai egalement suivis, mais sans 

 pouvoir determiner comment elles se terminent." 



3. Comparative anatomy shows the existence in the tongue 

 of most animals of the same kind of papillce as in man. Cuvier 

 (Afiatomie Comparee) mentions, " Ce sont les papilles fongi- 

 formes qui re9oivent tous les filets nerveux qui sont assez gros 

 pour etre suivis a I'oeil nu, et cette circonstance jointe a celle 

 de la durete des papilles coniques dans certains animaux nous 

 porte a croire que les fongiformes sont le siege principal du 

 gout." Messrs. Todd and Bowman adopted the same opinion 

 from observing the extreme thinness of the epithelium over the 

 fungiform papillfe, as compared with that which invests the 

 conical papillae*. ^ 



4. The tongue in man is supplied by three pairs of nerves, 

 the hypoglossus, the glossopharyngeal and the gustatory, a 

 branch from the inferior maxillary. Numerous experiments 

 on the lower animals and pathological facts in man have shoAvn, 

 that the first is the motory nerve of the tongue: much difference 

 of opinion exists with respect to the functions of the latter. 

 The experiments of Panizza would lead us to the conclusion 

 that the glossopharyngeal is the sole nerve of taste, but the 

 simple deductions of anatomy and the experiments of Longet 

 are in favour of a conjoint action of the two, the glosso- 

 pharyngeal being the nerve of taste for the base of the tongue, 

 and the gustatory that of the tip and anterior third of the 

 same. 



If we now come to the tongue of the frog, we find in it, after 

 it has been distended for the purpose of examination, the same 

 elements as we meet with in the human subject. The frame- 



• I must refer the reader to their excellent account of the tongue in 

 their work on Physiological Anatomy, which I regret having consulted too 

 late to avail myself of in this paper. 



