relating to the Science of Phonetics. 1 27 



Again, the sound of y(as in Jo) is in a certain relation to the 

 sound of p (as in pa) ; or, expressed more loosely, /' is in 

 a certain relation to p. Now 



V : b : : f : p . and 

 ]? : t : : V : b . and 

 ^ : d : : ]^ : t . and 

 0- : s : : S : d . and 

 5 : z : : <r : s . 

 To these two classes of relation the names Hard and 

 Soft, Lene and Aspirate may (for want of better) be allowed 

 to stand ; so that the double relationship is expressed in 

 the following table : — 



Lene. Aspirate. 



Hard. Soft. Hard. Soft. 



p . b f • "" 



t . d ]> . « 



k . g ? . ? 



s . z a . ^ 



or 



Hard. Soft. 



Lene. Aspirate. Lene. Aspirate. 



p . f . b . V . 



t . \ . d . "8. 



k . ? . g . ?. 



s . <r . z . ^ . 



Here we have (so to say) four parallel lines of double re- 

 lationship. The sequence, however, although perfect as far 

 as it goes, is incomplete. We miss the sounds that are 

 to k and g, as/' is to ]y and v to b, &c.&c. Were it not for this 

 deficiency we should have a mute-system of sixteen allied articu- 

 lations, square and symmetrical, each articulation being to the 

 other doubly related, i. e. hard or soft, lene or aspirate. As it 

 has been said befoie, it is the object of the present paper to 

 fill up the deficiency in question, and, subordinately to the 

 main end, to show that the sounds that are considered to be 

 the aspirates of/c and ^ are not so in reality. The sounds that 

 in all the works (philological or physiological) with which 

 I am acquainted, have been supposed to hold the relationship 

 in point, are the German ch (as in auch) and the Gaelic gh 

 (as in lough) respectively. Let-these two sounds be expressed 

 by /th and gh respectively, and let the undetermined aspirates 

 of ^" and g be expressed by K^ and Gx respectively. 



The affinities which invalidate the current opinion, are, 

 first, the affinity which exists, and which is recognized, be- 

 tween the mute sounds of b, and v and the semivowel sound 

 of w; and secondly, tiie affinity (existing and recognized) be- 



