588 Geological Sociclij: — Dr. Buckland on the Evidence of 



east ; and the high road to wind among cultivated mounds of them 

 from near Woller, through North and South Middleton, and by 

 West and East Lillburn to Rosedean and WoopertoJi. On the left 

 bank of the College Burn *, immediately above the bridge at Kirk- 

 newton, Dr. Buckland discovered last autumn a moraine thirty feet 

 high, stratified near the top to the depth of a few feet, but com- 

 posed chiefly of unstratiiied gravel, inclosing fragmentary portions 

 of a bed of laminated sand about three feet thick. Some of these 

 fragments were in a vertical position, others were inclined, and the 

 laminse of which they were composed, were, for the greater part, 

 variously contorted. He is of opinion that these detached portions 

 were severed from their original position, moved forward, and con- 

 torted by the pressure of a glacier, which descended the deep trough 

 of the College Burn from the northern summit of the Cheviots. 



Evidence of Glaciers in the mntintains of Cumhcrland and West- 

 moreland. — Proofs of glacial action. Dr. Buckland says, are as abun- 

 dant throughout the lake districts and in the districts in front of the 

 great vomitories through which the waters of the lakes are discharged, 

 as in Scotland and Northumberland. Thus, in the vicinity of Pen- 

 rith, near the junction of the Eden with the Eamont and the Lowther, 

 are extensive moraines loaded with enormous blocks of porphyry and 

 slate, brought down, Dr. Buckland observes, by glaciers, which 

 descended from the high valleys on the east flanks of Helvellyn, and 

 in the mountains around Patterdale, into the lake of UUeswater 

 (considered to be then occupied by ice), and from the valle3rs by 

 which the tributaries of the Lowther descend from the east flank of 

 Martindale, from Haweswater and Mardale. A remarkable group 

 of these moraines is by the road side near Eden Hall four miles east 

 of Penrith; and the detritus of moraines is stated to occupy the 

 greater part of the valley of the Eamont, from UUeswater to its 

 junction with the Eden. On the southern frontier of these moun- 

 tains in Westmoreland and Lancashire similar moraines occur on an 

 extensive scale. Thus, immediately below the gorge through which 

 the Kent descends from the mountains of Kentmere and Long Sled- 

 dale, many hundred acres of the valley of Kendal are covered with 

 large and lofty insulated piles of gravel ; and smaller moraines, or 

 their detritus, nearly fill the valley from Kendal to Morecombe Bay. 

 Five miles north-east of Kendal, on the high road from Shap, on the 

 shoulder of the mountain in front of the valley of Long Sleddale, and 

 at an elevation of 500 feet, a group of moraines occupies about 200 

 acres, and is distinguished from the adjacent slate rocks by a superior 

 fertility. On the south of Kendal, the high roads from Burton and 

 Milnthorpe to Lancaster, pass for the greater part over moraines or 

 their detritus ; and Lancaster Castle, placed in front of the vomitory 

 of the Lune, is stated to stand on a mixed mass of glacial debris, 

 probably derived from the valley of the Lune. The districts of Fur- 

 ness, Ulverston, and Dalton are extensively covered with deep de- 

 posits of glacier origin, derived from the mountains surrounding the 



* For a notice by the late Mr. Cully, of a sudden flood in this district iu 

 1830, see Proceedings of the Geological Society, vol. i. p. 149. 



