Glaciers in Scotland and England, Part II. 589 



upper ends of Windermere and Coniston lakes ; and they contain a 

 large admixture of clay, in consequence of the slaty nature of many 

 of the mountains. A capping of till and gravel, thirty to forty feet 

 thick, overlies the great vein of htematlte near Ulverston. The nu- 

 merous boulders upon the Isle of Walney also indicate the progress 

 of the moraines from Windermere and Coniston to the north-west 

 extremity of Morecombe Bay. 



Dr. Buckland was prevented from personally examining, during his 

 late tour, the south-west and west frontiers of the Cumberland 

 mountains, but he conceives that many of the conical hillocks laid 

 down on Fryer's large map of Cumberland, in the valley of the 

 Duddon, at the south base of Harter Fell, are moraines ; that some 

 of the hillocks in the same map on the right of the Esk, at the east 

 and west extremities of Muncaster Fell, are also moraines formed by 

 a glacier which descended the west side of Sea Fell ; and that many 

 of the hillocks near the village of Wastdale were formed by moraines 

 descending westward. Dr. Buckland is likewise convinced that 

 moraines exist near Church in the Valley ; also l)etween Crummoch 

 Water and Lorton, in the valley of the Cocker ; and near Isle, in 

 the valley by which the Derwent descends from Bassenthwaite lake 

 towards Cockermouth, though there are no indications of them on 

 Fryer's map. 



Near the centre of the lake district are extensive medial mo- 

 raines on the shoulder of the hill called the Braw Top, and formed 

 by glaciers at the junction of the valley of the Greta with that of 

 Derwent Water. 



Dr. Buckland had no opportunity of seeking for polished and stri- 

 ated surfaces in the high mountain valleys of the lake district ; but 

 he found them on a recently exposed surface of greywacke in Dr. 

 Arnold's garden at Fo.^c Howe near Ambleside ; likewise near the 

 slate quarry at Rydal ; and on newly bared rocks by the side of the 

 road ascending from Grassmere to the Pass of Wythburn ; he is also 

 of opinion that many of the round and mammillated rocks at the 

 bottom of the valley, leading from Helvellyn by the above localities 

 to Windermere, owe their form to glacial action. 



The remarkable assemblage of boulders of Criffle granite at Shalk- 

 beck, between Carlisle and Cockermouth. Dr. Buckland conceives 

 may have been transported across tlie Solway Frith on floating 

 masses of ice, in the same manner as the Scandinavian blocks are 

 supposed to have been conveyed across the Baltic to the plains of 

 Northern Germany. 



Dispersion of Shap Fell Granite hy Ice. — The difficulties A\hlch 

 had long attended every attempt to explain the phaenomena of the 

 distribution of the Shap Fell boulders. Dr. Buckland considers, are 

 entirely removed by the ap])lication of tlie glacial tlieory. One of 

 the jirincipal of these difficulties lias been to account for their disper- 

 sion by the action of water ; northwards along the valley, descend- 

 ing from Shaj) Fell to Shap and Penrith ; southwards in the direc- 

 tion of Kendal and Morecombe Bay ; and eastward, over the liigh 

 table-land of Stainmoor Forest, into the valley of the Tees, as far 



