x„. KisT. Till-: r/foRAx or lyHpjCTH—^yoDGRA^ti. 573 



Eiifodorsiini [V). — The venlral V-shapod ridge of tlio notiiin, 

 usually sei)aratiii<2; the scutuin from the scutellum. Entodorsum 

 Aman.s (188;")). 



Entopleurum {PR and PA). — The apodeme on the inner face of 

 the ]-)leuriiiii along (he Hue between the episterinun and the epiuieruni, 

 consisting of the phural ridge and pleural arm (which see). Eii- 

 topleuron Amans (1885), Crampton (1909). 



Entostcrninih {Fu). —Tha internal skeleton of the sternum (See 

 F'urca). Entostcrniim Chabrier (1820), Amans (1885). Entotho- 

 rax Aiidouin (1824), 



Eutothorax. — The internal skeleton or apodemes of the thorax, in- 

 cluding the entodorsum^ enfopleiirum, and entostermmi. (Audouin 

 applied the name " eutothorax " to the sternal apodemes alone.) 



Epimcral paraptera {3P, 4^^)- — The small plates in the pleural 

 membrane below the base of the wing and posterior to the pleuial 

 wing process. Counnonly there is but one present, though two occur 

 in some of the Plecoptera. (iVlso called postparapte7'a.) Cost ale 

 Straus-Diirckheim (1828). Costa Lowne (1892), Hewett (1907). 

 Epimeralgelenkplatten Voss ( 1905 ) . Postepimeron Snodgrass ( 1908 ) . 

 Costal sderite and posterior costal sderite Crampton (1909). 



Epimeruni {Epm^ ep7n). — The principal pleural plate lying be- 

 hind or above the pleural suture and pleural ridge, in general form- 

 ing the posterior half of the pleurum. Its posterior dorsal angle 

 connects with the postnotal plate of the tergum. In the metathorax 

 of Coleoptera the epimerum commonly presents a distinct dorsal 

 subdivision (e/?m), the " parapleur " of Kolbe (1889). Epimcre 

 Audouin (1824). Posterior plate of scapularia in mesothorax, of 

 parafleurcB in metathorax, Kirby and Spence (1826). Second ili- 

 aqvc of mesothorax, seconde ischion of metathorax, Straus-Diirck- 

 heim (1828). Postpleuron Amsiiis (1885). E jnmeron IssAho, (1889), 

 Crampton ( 1909 ) . Anopleure Verhoeff ( 1903 ) . 



Eplsternal paraptera (P, IP, 2P). — Two small pleural plates 

 between the episternum and the base of the wing, and before the 

 pleural wing process. The large pronator muscle of the wing is 

 inserted upon the inner faces of both of them, upon the inner face 

 of one onl}', or upon a large chitinous disk carried by either one. 

 Frequently one is absent or rudimentary; only 'rarely are both 

 absent, except in wingless species. In the Coleoptera onl}^ one 

 epimeral paraterum is present, and in the metathorax, except in the 

 lowest families, this one is fused with the anterior edge of the 

 episternum and sends dorsally a long arm in front of the pleural 

 wing process similar in appearance to the latter. The epimeral 

 paraptera are connected with the humeral angle of the wing, espe- 

 cially with the head of the costa, by tough membrane, so that a 

 contraction of the pronator muscle turns the wing forward upon 



