480 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 
- Drift-beds.—Rude stone implements and bones of animals have been 
taken in the United States from quaternary beds of gravel and sand. 
In view of the important bearing of such implements on the antiquity 
of man in this country, the locality should be thoroughly studied by a 
competent geologist, and all details of the discovery minutely noted. 
Open-air Workshops.—There are innumerable places where the aborigi- 
nes manufactured stone implements and weapons. They can easily be 
recognized by the accumulation of chips of stone, and by the presence 
of unfinished arrow and spear-heads, &c., which were thrown away on 
account of some defect in the stone or failure in working it. A collee- 
tion from such a locality should embrace specimens of the raw material, 
chips, and implements in all stages of manufacture; also the tools used 
in breaking the stone. 
Quarries and Mines.—Of late years places have been discovered in 
various parts of the United States, where the aborigines had quarried 
potstone, often called soapstone, a substance extensively used by them 
in the manufacture of vessels, pipes, and other articles. The vessels 
generally received their rudimentary form in the quarries, as numerous 
examples found in them testify. The rude tools used in detaching and 
fashioning the material also occur in these localities. The explorer 
should describe the situation, extent, and character of the diggings, 
and collect pieces of the raw material as well as specimens of the un- 
finished potstone ware and every implement he finds. <A plan of the 
locality is desirable. 
Similar rules hold good for the places to which the indigenes resorted — 
for the purpose of digging for flint, mica, and other mineral substances. 
Their exploitation of native copper seems to have been confined to the 
Lake Superior district. 
Caches or Deposits.—Underground deposits of stone implements are 
of frequent occurrence in the United States. These relics, usually 
chipped from flinty material, often present leaf-shaped or spear-head- 
like forms, and there is generally some symmetry in their arrangement. 
It is to be noted how deep the deposit was buried, how far it extended 
horizontally and downward, and in what manner the specimens com- 
posing it were placed. Their number should be stated. Deposits of 
stone objects not pertaining to the classes here mentioned have likewise 
been found. 
Camping-grounds.—Usually situated near running water, and recog- 
nizable by scattered implements of stone and bone, fragments of earthen 
vessels, and the refuse of meals. The spots where the cooking was 
done can sometimes be identified by rude stone hearths. Flint imple- 
