COOKE : DISTRIBUTION OF PURPrSA LAPILLU&. 195 



the Kullen Peninsula. It may be doubted whether the record can 

 stand. Professor Ad. S. Jensen, after remarking that Helsingborg and 

 Kullen were named as localities by Loven and Oersted, says, in 

 a letter to me : *' In all probability the statements refer to serai-fossil 

 specimens from the (query ?) 2\ipes or Littorina period. It does not 

 live in the inner Danish seas (the Great and Little Belt and the 

 Baltic)." No writer on Baltic MoUusca has ever recorded it. 



Oti all the mainland coasts of Denmark P. lapillm scarcely occurs. 

 Christensen (5) says : "P. lapillus is very rare, and apparently only 

 locally in the north ; thus it appears at Hirtsals, where the bottom 

 is full of stones." Mcirch (88) mentions the following localities: 

 Hornaes, Skagen, and between Skagen and Hirtschals, common at 

 Hirtschals (Majborg) ; Frederikshavn (Steenstrup). To quote again 

 from Professor Jensen's letter : " The only place in which it has been 

 found with certainty living is the northern part of the west coast of 

 Jutland (Hirshals, Blockhus). From old time there is in our museum 

 [at Copenhagen] a specimen (with animal) which is said to have been 

 taken at Frederikshavn (east coast of Jutland), but in modern time 

 no living specimen has been found there. C. G. Jobs. Petersen records 

 a ' recently dead ' shell at Gerrild Klint, near Grenaa, on the east 

 coast of Jutland." By the couitesy of the Professor I possess two 

 specimens from Hirtschals. They are labelled "from the mole: 

 C.G. Johs. Petersen leg. 1889", and represent a short stout type of 

 shell common in Britain. I have also a specimen labelled "fossil 

 from the Bosmia beds (the last stage of the warm Litorina-i\m.e), near 

 Frederikshavn, Jutland; V. Nordman leg. 1904". 



Collin (16) reports that P. lapillus does not now live in the Lim 

 Fiord, which runs through Denmark, from the Kattegat to the North 

 Sea. He found two dead but recent specimens in Odde Sound, but 

 they were probably introduced from the North Sea by fishing gear. 

 The species occurs sub-fossil at several places on the fiord. The sandy 

 west coast of Denmark does not offer many suitable localities for the 

 species. 



Frey and Leuckart (35) record it from Heligoland. From Holland 

 I have specimens, in no way remarkable, from Domberg, Walcheren 

 Island, at the mouth of the Scheldt. 



On the Belgian coast the species no doubt occurs in all suitable 

 localities. Lanieere (63) and Gilson (39) both place it in their list of 

 the marine fauna of Belgium, and Pelseneer (96) has it from 

 Blankenberghe. 



The range of P. lapillus in Iceland is strictly confined to the warm 

 west and south coasts ; on the colder east and north it is not found 

 living, though Bardason records it in a fossil state from some of the 

 northern fiords, deducing from the fact a higher temperature for those 

 shores during the corresponding geological period (Odhner 92). No 

 better illustration could be found of the fact that the absence of 

 a current of warm water tends to cut off the range of certain species. 

 P. lapillus occurs all round the North Cape and Mourmane coast, 

 many miles north of the Arctic Circle, and even as far north as 

 Novaya Zemlya, and yet cannot exist in the cold area of the coasts of 



