258 PROCEEDINGS OF THE MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETT. 



forests, stretches from Asia Minor through Turkej' and Macedonia to 

 North and Central Greece and Euboea. Boettger gives a striking 

 proof of the former land connexion with. Euboea. On that island 

 occur CI. bicristata, thessalonica, remota, and saxieola in the mountain 

 ■districts, CI. maculosa, neqropontina, and others in the hill lands. The 

 former group is found in quite inseparable forms in the high 

 Parnassus district of Central (ireece, the latter in the hill lands of 

 Attica. No doubt the Clausilia fauna here antedates the separation 

 of Euboea from the mainland. 



Russia. — Politically speaking, the Russian Clausilias fall into two 

 very distinct groups. Zoologically, it is preferable to regard the 

 northern, or Sarmatian, group as quite separate from the southern, 

 or Caucasian, and to leave the latter to be considered under Asia 

 Minor. Practically no species is common to the two. 



The Sarmatian group is simply an easterly or north-easterly 

 extension of the commoner species which are distributed all over 

 North Europe. None of the characteristic South- Eastern European 

 sub-genera find their way into Russia. Species are scarce ; most 

 numerous in the north-west, in the Baltic provinces of Finland and 

 Livland, but as we proceed east and south it is not a case of fresh 

 species appearing, as these die out, but the whole Clausilian fauna 

 slowly and steadily vanishes altogether. Thus Braun records 

 fourteen species from the Baltic provinces, Slosarski eight from 

 Poland, Milachevich eight from Moscow, Jelski five from Kief, 

 von Rosen three from Kharkov and two from Nowyi Oskol. Further 

 east still, in lists (Boettger 6. 7), from Poltawa (Perm), Ekaterinburg 

 and Orenburg, which contain a fair number of land Mollusca, no 

 Clausilia at all occurs ; the genus simply dies out from unsuitability 

 of environment. 



I note that the hardy lamitiata, Mont., occurs in Finland, Livland, 

 Petrograd, Kurland, Volhynia, Podolia, Moscow, Kharkov, Kurtk, 

 Caucasus. 



Asia Minor, Armenia, Caucasia, the Crimea, North Persia. — This 

 vast district forms a linking region between Europe and Asia, but at 

 the same time does not constitute common ground for the inter- 

 mingling of western and eastern forms. On the contrary, it contains 

 a Clausilia fauna wholly its own, with many peculiar sub-genera, the 

 full investigation of which will doubtless do much to throw light on 

 the problem of the connexion between the Mollusca of west and east. 



European groups are barely represented at all. Alhinaria occurs 

 along the west and south littoral of Asia Minor, and in Cyprus, and 

 even penetrates the higher ground of the interior provinces {hicolor, 

 Pfr., higihbosa, Charp.) ; a Marpessa and a Papillifera are found at 

 Smyrna, an Idyla {spreta, Friv.) at Brussa ; Custnicia pu7nila -penetrates 

 to North Caucasus, Alitida plicata perhaps to Armenia : these are 

 only casual infringements of territory. The one sub-genus of which 

 any considerable number is common to Europe is Oligoptychia, which 

 occurs from the South Caspian to Asia Minor, in North Greece, the 

 North Sporades, and Macedonia. The characteristic indigenous 

 sub-genera are Euxinastra (near Batum), Acrotoma, a group with 



