260 PROCEEDINGS OF THE MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



Caspian to 64° E. long, and from 42° to 35° N. lat., 0. Boettger (8) 

 records no Clansilia. 



Northern Africa. — The fauna has received the attentions of 

 Bourguignat and his school, and counsels are darkened accordingly. 

 On the whole, the district is not favourable for Clmisilia. Twelve 

 species liave been enumerated from Tunis, consisting of Belima (seven 

 species, marking the connexion with Sicily), Papillifera (three), 

 Marpessa (one), unknown (one). The list is susceptible of reduction ; 

 all the Papillifera are possibly varieties of the ubiquitous hidens. 

 Sturany has described a Delima (Jclaptoczi) from Dernah, in Barca. 

 The entire absence of Siciliaria appears to indicate that the develop- 

 ment of that sub-genus in Sicily must have been later than the 

 separation of Sicily from Africa. The genus, as on the north of the 

 Mediterranean, dies out as we move westward, Algeria having fewer 

 species than Tunis, Morocco than Algeria. Cristataria boissieri, Charp., 

 from Syria, has been acclimatized at Algiers, and also near Alexandria. 



Of the Atlantic Islands, the Madeira group alone contains any 

 Clausilia. On the two islands of Madeira and Porto Santo three or 

 four species occur, grouped under the sub-genus Boettgeria, which is 

 regarded as having some relationship with Agathylla. The islands 

 have evidently been separated from the mainland for a very 

 considerable length of time, since their molluscan fauna exhibits 

 marked peculiarities of its own. 



Central Africa. — Tlie occurrence of a small number of Clausilia in 

 intertropical Africa is a fact of extreme interest. Three species 

 {sennaariensis, Pfr., dystherata, Jick., rothschildi, Neuv. & A nth.) 

 have been discovered in the highlands of Abyssinia, in or near to 

 Eritrea, and the latter authors (41) found, but did not describe, a fourth 

 species from the same district. The two former species were placed 

 by 0. Boettger in his sub- genus Macropti/chia. From the other side 

 of the Bed Sea von Martens has described a species {schtveinfurthi) 

 from Yemen, 7,500 feet, and Jousseaume found an undescribed species 

 in a ravine near Djeddah. Geographically speaking, these six species 

 may be considered as belonging to the same group, since they all 

 inhabit lofty mountains looking down on both sides of the southern 

 Bed Sea. The type of shell appears to be dwarfed and degenerate. 

 Further specimens are much to be desired, but it seems probable that 

 these species may represent the worn-out remains of a Clausilian 

 fauna which may have been richer in past ages, and has dwindled 

 and decayed under change of climate. 



About 700 miles from the habitat of these six species, a seventh, 

 apparently belonging to the same type, has recently been described 

 (degeneris, Brest.) from between Bumruti and Mt. Kenia, almost 

 on the Equator. From Mt. Kenia to the southern end of Lake 

 Tanganyika is another 700 miles, and from Pambete Bourguignat in 

 1885 described yet another species (giraudi). It was found "dans les 

 anfractuosites des rochers", is well grown, and possesses a marked 

 sub-columellar fold below and behind the lamella inferior. Bourguignat 

 (14) remarks that " this new species, by its sub-columellar fold, which 

 descends to the peristomal border, recalls certain Chinese forms like 



