COOKE : ON THE GENUS CLAUSILIA. 261 



pluviatilis, -while by its outline and papilliform suture it has certain 

 points of resemblance with itala or punctata ". 



Whatever its affinities may be — and it has plainly no resemblance 

 to the Abyssinian group — the occurrence of an African Clausilia in 

 S. lat. 8°, at a height of about 3,000 feet, is a remarkable 

 phenomenon. With this exception the land moUuscau fauna of 

 Tanganyika has, I think, shown no special feature of peculiarity. 

 We must await the detection of further species. 



Two expeditions to Ruwenzori have failed to discover Claimlia on 

 its slopes (Smith 53, Pollonera 50). I^or does it occur in Socotra 

 or in Swahililand (von Martens 30). 



II. Ph^dtjsa. 



India and Further India. — The Clausilia of India have recently 

 been catalogued by G. K. Gude (21). India (with Ceylon), Further 

 India, including Burmah, Arakan, Tenasserim, the Andaman and 

 Nicobar Islands, and Indo-China (Tongking, Siam, Annani, and 

 Cambodia), form practically a single zoological area, whose molluscan 

 fauna is closely related to that of South China. 



Mr. Gude has enumerated thirty species in all from India and 

 Further India, belonging to the sub-genera Euphcedusa (nine), 

 Pseudonenia (twelve), Oospira (five), Cylindrojyhcedusa (two), 

 Garnierta (two). In India proper all the known species (only nine) 

 cling to the mountain slopes of the north, and not a single species 

 occurs between the Himalayas and Cape Comorin. Ceylon has 

 a single JEuphcediisa {cei/lanica, Bens.), which occurs at 4,500 feet in 

 the central mountain mass. The Himalayan forms fall into two well- 

 marked groups: (1) those inhabiting the Punjab and North- West 

 Provinces, (2) those inhabiting Sikkim, Bhutan, and Assam. No 

 species has as yet been recorded from Nepal, which covers a lengtli 

 of 500 miles between these two groups, and only one species 

 [Cylindrophcedusacylindrica, Pfr.) is common to the two. Euphcedusa 

 has one species in the western group and three in the eastern. 

 Pseudonenia has none in the western and three in the eastern. 

 No Clausilia has been found in Kashmir proper, Afghanistan, or 

 Beloocliistan. 



In Further India the Clausilia fauna becomes richer and more 

 distinctly Chinese : of Euphcedusa there are five species, and of 

 Pseudonenia six ; Cylindrophcedusa disappears, but two new sub-genera 

 occur, Oospira, with five species, and Garnieria, a form with 

 a remarkable trumpet-shaped mouth, with two. The Nicobars, which 

 belong geologically to Sumatra rather than to the mainland, have 

 three species of Pseudoneyiia. One specimen, unnamed, is recorded in 

 G. Nevill's Handlist as coming from the Andamans. 



l7ido-China. — Indo-China (Tongking, Siam, Annam, and Cambodia) 

 becomes definitely Chinese so far as its Clausilia are concerned, 

 Tongking, in the far north, being especially rich, and containing 

 several ' Chinese' species. H. Fischer and Dautzenberg in 1904 (19) 

 enumerated fifty-five species in all, and since that date at least twenty 

 more have been added by Bavay & Dautzenberg, H. Fischer, and 



