102 SILURIAN. 



well as Admoaimis pulchcr, etc. ; Annelides, Cornulites serpularius, 

 Spirorhis Lavisii ; Crustacea, Pteiygotus arcuatus, Eiirypteriis piinc- 

 tatus, Slimonia pimctata, Hcmiaspis Sahveyi, Ceratiocaris Ludensis, 

 C. rohustus, C. Mjcrchisoni; and the Trilobites Phacops Stokesii, as well 

 as other species that occur in the strata below and above. The 

 Brachiopoda include Pcntamerus galcatus, Discina rugata, Atrypa 

 rcticiddris, Lingiila lata. The Lamellibranchs include Amhonychia 

 aciiticostata, Cardiola striata, C. inicrrupta, Orthonota naviciila, etc. ; 

 Gasteropods include Acroculia eiiomphaloides, Murchiso?iia Lloydii, 

 Pkurotomaria qiiadristriata ; Pteropods, Theca Forhesii, etc. ; 

 Heteropods, BcUerophon expansus, etc. ; Cephalopods, Orthoceras 

 Ludcnse, 0. perclcgans, Phragmoceras vcntricostim, Litiiitcs giganteus, etc. 



Most interesting are the remains of Fishes, as these are the 

 earliest traces of vertebrate remains known in this country. They 

 belong to Scaphaspis Ludensis (originally termed Ptei-aspis), and 

 were discovered in 1859 by Mr. J. E. Lee, in shale below the 

 Aymestry Limestone, at Church Hill quarry, near Leintwardine, in 

 Herefordshire. This locality near Leintwardine is noted for its 

 fossils ; Starfishes, Crustacea, and other remains having been ob- 

 tained there. Many fossils have also been procured from Sedgley, 

 near Dudley. 



The Lower Ludlow beds were exposed in the cuttings of the 

 railway between Wenlock and Presthorpe, and also under Shelderton 

 Hill. They occupy the escarpments and contiguous valleys of the 

 Ludlow rocks which range from Shropshire by Presteign to Radnor 

 Forest, and also large undulating tracts of the western parts of 

 Shropshire and bordering parts of IMontgomeryshire. From the 

 neighbourhood of Kington, the beds extend, together with higher 

 members of the Ludlow Series, to the banks of the Wye, and there 

 is a fine exposure in the escarpment at the western end of the 

 Forest of Mynydd Epynt, in Brecknockshire.^ The beds are 

 well known in the districts of Usk, Tortworth (east of Berkeley), 

 Woolhope, and Malvern. (See Figs. 13 and 14.) Near Cardiff, 

 at Pen-y-lan and Rhymney, the thickness of the Ludlow Beds 

 has been estimated at 364 feet.^ The beds also occur west 

 of Abergele.^ 



The Lower Ludlow beds form a tract of low ground between the ridges formed 

 by the Wenlock and Aymestry Limestones. Tlie dark nature of the shales lias led 

 to useless trials for coal near Malvern. Fuller's earth occurs at Hales End, in 

 that neighbourhood. 



Aymestry Limestone. 



This formation was named by Murchison from the village of 

 Aymestry, north-west of Leominster, in Herefordshire. 



The Aymestry (or Ludlow) Limestone is a dark-grey or blue 



^ Murchison, Siluria, edit. 5, p. 126. 



- W. J. Sollas, Q. J. XXXV. 475. 



3 J. E. Bowman, T. G. S. (2), vi. 195. 



