1 50 CARBONIFEROUS. 



counties the Carboniferous rocks were surveyed chiefly by W. W. Smyth, J. B. 

 Jukes, E. Hull, and A. H. Green; in North Wales by W. W. Smyth, with 

 revisions by C. E. De Ranee and A. Strahan ; and in Yorkshire and Northumber- 

 land the work has been done chiefly by H. H. Howell, A. H. Green, W. Topley, 

 J. R. Dakyns, R. H. Tiddeman, C. Fox Strangways, R. Russell, G. A. Labour, 

 J. G. Goodchild, W. Gunn, T. V. Holmes, A. C. G. Cameron, Hugh Miller, and 

 C. T. Clough. 



LOWER CARBONIFEROUS. 



CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE SERIES. 

 (Bernician and Calciferous Sandstone Series.) 



Tuedian Beds. 



The lowest beds of the Carboniferous Series in Northumberland 

 and the Tweed valley were classed in 1855 as the Tuedian Beds by 

 Mr. G. Tate.^ They consist of grey, green and lilac shales and 

 calcareous sandstones, with thin beds of argillaceous limestone, 

 sometimes dolomitic, and with cement-stones and occasionally 

 chert. The thickness is from 800 to 2000 feet or more. The 

 beds contain remains of Plants, Mollusca, Entomostraca, and 

 Fishes. Mr. R. Etheridge, jun., has described a specimen of 

 Eurypterus from this series in Berwickshire.^ 



The fossils include a considerable variety of species, similar in 

 character to those of the Lower Carboniferous rocks, generally. 



In the eastern part of the Eden Basin, resting on the Upper Old Red 

 Sandstone, there is a series of shales, impure limestones, calcareous 

 conglomerates, obliquely-laminated sandstones (locally stained red, 

 sometimes containing pebbles of quartz and assuming a conglo- 

 meratic character), which passes horizontally into the principal 

 mass of the Carboniferous Limestone. This series, described by 

 Mr. J. G. Goodchild under the name of the Roman Fell Series, 

 includes the conglomerates of Cross Fell (formerly regarded as 

 Old Red Sandstone), the beds of Ash Fell, Roman Fell, etc., and 

 is now regarded as being on the horizon of the Calciferous Sand- 

 stone Series (or Cement-stone Group) of Scotland.^ The thickness 

 of the series in the district mentioned is from 800 to 1600 feet, and 

 its character is changeable. The beds may be regarded as repre- 

 senting in part not only the Carboniferous Limestone, but also the 

 Lower Limestone Shales.* (See p. 143.) Some Gasteropoda from 



1 Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumberland and Durham, ii. 6. 



^ Q. J. xxxiii. 223. 



^ Named by C. Maclaren, Geology of Fife, 1839, p. 70. 



* Q. J. XXX. 394. See also J. C. Ward, G. Mag. 1875, p. 57. 



