228 NEW RED SANDSTONE. 



The Waterstones comprise thick-bedded and flaggy sandstones, 

 with beds of sandy marl. Ripple-marks are abundant, and sun- 

 cracks, rain-prints, tracks of Annelides, etc., are sometimes met 

 with. Remains of Fishes have been found in these beds in Not- 

 tinghamshire by Mr. E. Wilson. 



In the Upper Keuper Sandstones near Taunton Mr. C. Moore 

 has discovered remains of Esthcria viinuta, Fishes, Labyrinihodon, 

 etc.^ Prof. T. R. Jones and Mr. W. K. Parker have described a 

 series of Foraminifera from the Red Marl series at Chellaston near 

 Derby, including some species (^N'odosaiia, etc.) still existing ; "^ 

 I am, however, informed by Mr. Horace T. Brown that it is 

 extremely doubtful whether these remains were really obtained 

 from the Keuper Marls, as they may have been derived from 

 superficial accumulations not recognized at the time. 



The Keuper Marls and Sandstones form part of the plain of York, 

 and stretch through Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire, Derbyshire, 

 Cheshire, Staftbrdshire, Warwickshire, Worcestershire, Gloucester- 

 shire, and Somersetshire to the coast of Devonshire- 



The Keuper Marls are exposed in the banks of the Eden, near 

 Carlisle, and to them the name Stanwix Marls was applied in 1880 

 by Mr. J. G. Goodchild. (See p. 212.) They contain pseudo- 

 morphous crystals of rock-salt. In the Carlisle area there is much 

 difficulty in separating the various divisions of the New Red rocks, 

 owing to the mantle of Drifts. The Abbey Town Boring was 

 carried through nearly 200 feet of Drift, and more than 700 feet of 

 gypseous shales, down to the St. Bees Sandstone. These gypseous 

 shales have been regarded as Keuper by Mr. Aveline, and there- 

 fore as on the same horizon as the Stanwix Marls. 



Near Liverpool the Waterstones have been exposed at the 

 Toxteth Cemetery, and have been termed the " Cemetery Shales " 

 by Mr. G. H. Morton. They are seen also at Irby and Pensby.^ 



The Keuper series near Chester is thus divided by Mr. A. 

 Strahan : ^ — 



Red Marls [3000 feet ?] 



,,, , , . r . \ Red and yellow sandstones, and red 



Waterstones, about 200 feet. j ^^^^ ^^.^^^j^j^ ^^^j^ ^^^ ^j^^l^^ 



' Soft, current-bedded, and bright red, 

 white, and yellow sandstones (Frod- 

 sham Beds). 

 Hard brown and white quartzose grits 

 and breccias. 



Lower Keuper Sandstone or Base 

 ment Beds. 180 to 250 feet." 



Previously the Waterstones were linked by the Geological Survey 

 with the Lower Keuper Sandstone, but there is a sharp division 

 between them ; this is well shown in the railway-cutting at 

 Runcorn station. At Frodsham, south of Runcorn, the upper part 



1 Q. J. xxiii. 46S. 2 Q. J. xvi. 452. 



3 C. E. De Ranee, G. Mag. 1883, p. 505. 



* Geol. Mag. 1881, pp. 396, 574; Geology of Chester (Geol. Surv.) ; see also E. 

 Wilson, G. Mag. 1881, p. 523 ; and T. M. Reade, QJ. xxxix. 123. 



