LOWER LIAS. 261 



In the zone of A. oxynotus (blue clay with iron pyrites) — Rhyn- 

 chondla oxynoti, Pleurotomaria Anglica, Bekmnites aciitus, A7nmonites 

 dtnsinodus, etc. 



In the zone of A. raricostatus and A. armatus (dark shaly 

 clays) — Waldheimia numismalis, Hippopodium ponderosum, Cardinia 

 Listeri, Pleurotomaria procera, Ammonites densinodas, A. stibplafticosfa 

 {Carusensis), A. trivialis, etc. 



In the zone of A. Jamesoni (clays) — RhynchomJIa 7'imosa, Pecten 

 liasiniis, Pholadomya decorata, Pinna folium, Ammonites Taylori, A. 

 Bronni, A. latcecosta, Belemnites elongatus. 



In the zone of A. ibex (clays) — Rhynchonella furcillafa, 

 Crenatula veniricosa. Area elongata, Ammonites Maugenesti, and var. 

 Valdani, A. stria tus, etc. 



In the zone of A. capricornus and A. Henleyi (clays) — 

 Pholadomya ambigua, Inoce7-amus veiitricosus, Area elongata, Ammonites 

 latcceosta, A. Beehei, A. DavcBi, A. Loseombi, A. fimbriatus, Belemnites 

 pejicillatus, B. JMilleri. 



Many of the species recorded from one zone range through other 

 zones, hence it is impossible to give satisfactory lists of the fossils. 

 In Yorkshire, for instance, Hippopodium ponderosum occurs in the 

 zone of A . Bueklandi. 



In addition to many species of Ammonites and Belemnites, 

 the more abundant fossils of the Lower Lias are Ostrea Liassica, 

 GryphcBa incurva, Lima gigantea, and Cardifiia (several species). 



The ' Saurian and Ostrea beds ' are sometimes recognized as 

 zones at the base of the Lower Lias, in the South of England. The 

 ' Lima beds,' with Z. gigantea, are generally equivalent to the zone 

 of Ammonites Bueklandi. At the base of the Lower Lias in 

 Gloucestershire there is a bed of limestone from a foot to three feet 

 in thickness, termed the Fish and Insect limestone, in which the Rev. 

 P. B. Brodie has obtained many Insect-remains. In Somersetshire 

 other palseontological zones have been identified by Mr. Moore, as 

 the Spirifer-bank, which at Camerton and Radstock yields fine 

 specimens of Spirifera Waleottii, and the Foraminifera zone ; both 

 of which underlie the zone oi Ammonites raricostatus. 



The term Infra-lias, used by A. Stoppani, has sometimes been applied to the 

 lower beds of the Lower Lias (Zones of ^. angitlatus and A. ptanorbis), including also 

 the White Lias (Rhjetic) ; but the term is a vague and unnecessary one. The 

 name Hettangian, from Hettange, was proposed in 1864 as a substitute by E. 

 Renevier. 



Belemnites are not, as a rule, abundant in the limestones, but 

 occur sometimes in great profusion in the clayey beds : they are 

 popularly known as Fairies', Ladies', or Devil's Fingers, and 

 Thunder Picks, and were first described in this country by Plot, 

 in 1677. 



Among other fossils are the Corals Montlivaltia and Isastnra 

 Murchisoni. Crustacea of the genera Eryon, Glyphea, and Scapheus 

 are sometimes met with, and also the elytra of Beetles. 



Among the Fishes may be mentioned Lepidotus, Acrodus (the 

 teeth are known as 'fossil \&qc\\^%''~), /Eehmodus, Pholidophorus, etc. 

 The Ichthyodorulites are the large bony fin-spines of fishes, such 



