364 CRETACEOUS. 



this term was more generally used by Smith for the Kimeridge Clay, but sometimes 

 also for the Gault. The oak was chiefly used in obtaining charcoal for the old 

 iron-furnaces. Many hop-yards are situated on the Weald Clay between Tun- 

 bridge and Headcorn. The beds have in many places been dug as 'marl,' and 

 the ironstone has been largely smelted, particularly in the western part of the 

 area. Calcareous grit occurs in places, often as lenticular masses in the clay ; this 

 and the limestone-beds were formerly much dug for mending roads, and still are 

 to some extent ; they have also been used for building-purposes. Some of the 

 beds are used for brick- and tile-rhaking, as at Pluckley, St. John's Wood, near 

 Lindfield, at Ockley, Holmwood, etc. The Betliersden Marble has been used 

 extensively for building, and for making long narrow causeways, necessary in wet 

 weather, along the muddy roads of the Wealden area. 



Horsham Stone. — About 120 feet above the base of the Weald Clay there is 

 locally a bed of calcareous sandstone capable of being split into slabs, which are 

 used for building, paving, and roofing. Associated with it are beds of sand and 

 sandstone not calcareous, and there is always some interbedded clay. The stone 

 is often strongly ripple-marked, and contains footprints of Igiianodon. It has 

 been worked near Itchingfield, West Grinstead, etc' 



In the Isle of Wight, beds identified with the Weald Clay occur 

 between Cowleaze Chine and Compton Bay, and again at Sandown 

 Bay. The upper portions consist of dark grey shaly clay (included 

 in his Punfield formation by Prof. Judd) ; the lower of variegated 

 marls, clays, and sandstones. Mr. Bristow observes that the 

 Wealden strata in this district are extremely irregular, and that the 

 thick beds of sandstone which form conspicuous objects in the 

 cliffs occasionally thin out rapidly, as may be observed between 

 Brixton and Barnes Chines.^ Many Reptilian remains, also Plants 

 {Pinites), have been obtained from the Wealden beds of Brook, 

 where the lowest beds are exposed on the shore. 



Between Cowleaze and Barnes Chines, the higher portions of 

 the series were separated by Prof. Judd under the name of the 

 Punfield formation (see sequel), of which locally he made two 

 groups : — 



2. Cowleaze series, chiefly shales with bands of limestone, iSo feet. 

 I. Barnes series (Barnes's Sand-rock),'^ false-bedded yellow sands, and 

 sandstone with subordinate beds of clay, about 50 feet. 



These beds attain a maximum thickness of 230 feet at Atherfield, 

 and are exposed between Atherfield Point and Barnes High ; and 

 also in Compton and Sandown Bays. 



The Cowleaze beds yield Anunonites Deshayesii, Palndina, 

 Exogyra sinuata, Ostrea, Modiola, Cynna, Unio, etc. They are 

 overlaid by the Perna-beds of the Lower Greensand, and underlaid 

 by the variegated Wealden beds, 300 to 400 feet thick. The 

 Barnes series contains Cyrcna, Unio, Cardium, and Trig07ija ; and 

 has also yielded many Reptilian bones, including a Dinosaurian 

 Hypsilophodon Foxii, obtained by the Rev. W. Fox.'* The limestones 



1 See W. Topley, Geol. Weald, pp. 102, 252, 399 ; and Journ. R. Agric. Soc. 

 (2), viii. 241. 



* Geol. Isle of Wight (Geol. Survey), p. 5 ; see also Judd, Q.J. xxvii. 207; 

 Meyer, Q. J. xxviii. 243. 



^ Fitton, T. G. S. (2), iv. 199. 



* T. H. Huxley, Q. J. xxvi. 3 ; see also Buckland, T. G. S. (2), iii. 425. 



