PLEISTOCENE AND RECENT. 479 



types, but the latter is intimately connected with the Bronze and 

 Iron periods; the gap between the two is indicated by great physical 

 changes, and by differences in the associated animals/ These 

 changes drove away the Pleistocene fauna associated with Pateo- 

 lithic Man ; and when he returned again to this country, he had 

 attained a higher stage of culture, and was associated with the 

 Recent fauna. It must, however, be borne in mind that the term 

 Neolithic is used to represent a phase of culture which different 

 races reach and pass, and to which a different relative position in 

 time must be assigned in various parts of the world. ^ 



The word Paleolithic (or Archoeolithic) was first introduced by Sir John 

 Lubbock in 1865 : and the stone implements (hatchets, adzes, or chisels) of this 

 type, as well as many of the polished forms of later age are termed Celts — from the 

 Latin, celtis, a chisel. Tire remains of PaliTSolithic man being strictly speaking Pre- 

 historic, this term, which has been confined to remains of Neolithic and Bronze ages 

 in Britain, cannot be so restricted ; and in order to have some terms to express the 

 difference the following arrangement has been suggested : ^ — 



Recent. 



Historic. CiEiianthropic. 



Iron. \ 



Bronze. > Mesanthropic. 



Neolithic, ) } Pre-historic. 



Pleistocene. Palteolithic. Pahcanthropic. 



Concerning the antiquity of Palzeolithic Man, little more can be said, than that 

 he lived in this country and throughout Western Europe with the Lion and 

 Mammoth, the Hyaena and Woolly Rhinoceros. Prof. Dawkins remarks that he 

 was probably more or less nomadic, following the Urus and the Elk, and shifting 

 from place to place as they migrated with the seasons. In his weapons of warfare 

 and of the chase he resembled the dwellers on the shores qf Arctic seas, and 

 judging from the associated animals he probably lived in an age when continental 

 conditions and higher mountains produced much greater extremes of climate than 

 are found in the same'countries now. In many places he probably followed hard 

 on the receding glaciers, before the advance of which, perhaps, his ancestors 

 retreated. Whether or not he appeared in Pre-Glacial times, has not been proved, 

 for no remains have been found in deposits definitely Pre-Glacial, such as the 

 Cromer Forest-bed Series. Thus, although we cannot assign a date to his first 

 appearance, we must refer him to a period so remote that wide valleys have been 

 scooped out and many animals have been exterminated since his time, but how 

 long it took to bring this about we cannot yet tell. Nevertheless the earliest 

 inhabitant comes before us, endowed with all human attributes, and without any 

 signs of a closer alliance with the lower animals than is presented by the savages of 

 to-day.* (See also p. 23.) The human remains of Neolithic times, as remarked 



^ Some caverns in the south of France may contain records of the interval 

 between Palaeolithic and Neolithic periods, and this intermediate age was (in 1S63) 

 termed the ' Reindeer period ' by M. L. Lartet, because the caverns contain in 

 great abundance remains of this animal. Associated with these are the famous 

 sculptured bones, containing pictorial representations of the Mammoth, etc. 

 Lyell, Student's Elements of Geology, 1871, p. 126. 



2 See Lubbock, Pre-historic Times, 1865 ; Lyell, Antiquity of Man, ed. 4, 1873; 

 Prestwich, Phil. Trans, i860, 1864; John Evans, Archteologia, i860, 1S62 ; 

 Address to Geol. Soc. 1875 ; Ancient Stone Implements, etc., of Gt. Britain, 1872 ; 

 E. T. Stevens, Flint Chips, 1870 ; Pengelly, G. Mag. 1877, P- 431 5 T. R. Jones,' 

 Lecture on Antiquity of Alan (Croydon Microsc. Soc), 1877. 



^ Reports of Sub-committees, Internat. Geol. Congress, Cambridge, 1885, p. 18. 



* W. Boyd Dawkins, Cave Hunting, 1S74 ; and Early Man in Britain, 1880 ; 

 Dr. H. Woodward, G. Mag. 1869, p. 58; J.Geikie, Pre-historic Europe ; Hughes, 

 Present state of the Evidence bearing upon Antiq. Man (Victoria Institute), 1879. 



