514 PLEISTOCENE. 



which they contain. These have been previously noted. (See 



P- 477-) 



In most cases the Palseolithic Implements and Mammalian 

 remains are found in beds of sand, gravel, and brickearth, along 

 the line of existing river-valleys, in some cases but little above the 

 river ; but in other instances they occur much above the present 

 streams, and sometimes indicate different systems of drainage. 

 These valley-deposits occur chiefly in the midland, eastern, southern 

 and south-eastern counties : in the northern and north-western 

 counties the Pleistocene mammaliferous deposits are for the most 

 part confined to Caverns, a fact explained on the grounds that 

 these areas were glaciated subsequently to those further south, and 

 the old valley-deposits were to a large extent destroyed.* 



Flint Implements obtained from gravel and sand are generally more or less 

 polished and glossy, and they are sometimes discoloured yellow or brown. 

 Dendritic markings and incrustations of carbonate of lime, which are frequently 

 found on them, may be taken as proofs of antiquity. 



One of the most northerly points at which river-deposits containing Pleistocene 

 Mammalia have been found is in the Aire Valley, at Wortley, near Holbeck 

 station, Leeds, where Hippopotamus, Mammoth, etc., were discovered by Mr. 

 H. Denny.* The Drift at Overton, near York, has also yielded Hippopotamus, 

 etc.^ Mammoth, etc., have been found near Ashborne in Derbyshire, near 

 Nottingham, at Leamington, Willoughby, and at Lawford near Rugby.* 



Mammalian remains (Mammoth, etc.) have been obtained in the Soar valley at 

 Leicester and Kegworth, at Leighton Buzzard,^ in the Nene valley near Peter- 

 borough," at Wellingborough, and at Bottesford, north-west of Grantham. 



Paleolithic Implements were discovered in several localities in the valley of the 

 Great Ouse, near Bedford, by Mr. J. Wyatt. At Summerhouse Hill, two miles 

 east of the town, he found remains of Hippopotamus, Reindeer, and Elephas 

 antlquiis, etc., in the valley gravel;'' and at Biddenham he found Hydrobia 

 viarojiiata and other shells, besides Mammalian remains and Flint Implements. 

 PalEeolithic Implements have not at present been found in valley-deposits north of 

 the Oiise valley. 



The Rev. O. Fisher has described a bed of gravelly silt at Barrington, south- 

 west of Cambridge, that has yielded Hippopotamus, Elephas antiqmis, E. primi- 

 genius, Hyicna spelcea, etc., also land- and fresh-water Mollusca.* A Palaeolithic 

 Implement has been found in the gravel at Barnwell by Mr. A. F. Griftith.^ 

 This gravel, which in places is largely made up of Chalk, has yielded many 

 Mammalian remains, including Rhinoceros tichorhinus, etc., also Corhictila flumi- 

 nalis, etc. In describing the beds Prof. Hughes has pointed out that burrowing 

 animals like the Fox and Badger have sometimes introduced Recent bones of 

 Sheep, etc., into the gravel.^" Gravel of similar age occurs at Trumpington, and 

 there are old river gravels near Newmarket, etc.'' 



1 Evans, Ancient Stone Implements, etc., 1872 ; J. Geikie, Great Ice Age, ed. 2. 



* A. Tylor, Q. J. xxv. 61. This paper contains many details of Quaternary 

 deposits. 



^ J. E. Clark, Geol. Polyt. Soc. W. Riding, vii. 421. 



* J. K. Worthington, Rep. Rugby School Nat. Hist. Soc. for 1881, p. 20 ; J. 

 Shipman, Alluvial Deposits of Trent Valley, 1880, p. 17. 



^ T. R. Jones, Geologist, v. 471. 



6 Trimmer, Q. J. x. 343 ; Judd, Geol. Rutland, etc., p. 250 ; Jukes-Browne, 

 Geol. S. W. Lincolnshire, p. 95. 



7 Q. J. XX. 187. See also Rev. H. M. De la Condamine, Q. J. ix. 271. 



8 Q. f. XXXV. 670. 9 G. Mag. 1878, p. 400. 

 i» G. Mag. 1883, p. 454. 



" See also Penning and Jukes-Browne, Geol. Cambridge, pp. 82, 96, 98. 



