524 RECENT. 



the sea or tidal estuaries.^ When, however, they pass beneath low- 

 water level there is clear evidence of depression, and Mr. J. S. 

 Gardner does not believe in the growth of forests behind dykes 

 below the sea-level.- 



The principal kinds of accumulations met with among our Recent valley- 

 deposits having been described, the further notices of them are arranged as far as 

 possible in geographical order. 



A Submerged Forest has been observed off Cardurnock, on the Sohvay.^ 

 The Recent deposits of the Lancashire coast between Liverpool and Fleetwood 

 may be arranged as follows :* — 



5. Blown Sand ; and Tidal Alluvium (Upper Sc rod/at /ana -clay), overlaid in 



places by Freshwater deposits with Cyclas cornea (Upper Cyclas-c\^y 



of Mr. De Ranee). 

 4. Superior or Upper Peat and Forest Bed, 2 to 20 feet thick. Seen at 



Blowick, near Southport, and near Fleetwood. 

 3. Formby and Leasowe Marine Beds (of Mr. T. M. Reade), and Lower 



Scrob!adaria-c\s.Y, Crossens, Seaforth, etc., 20 to 30 feet. 

 2. Inferior or Lower Peat and Forest Bed, Cheshire Coast, near Hoylake. 

 I. Shirdley Hill Sand and Presall Shingle (of Mr. De Ranee); Washed 



Drift Sand (of Mr. Reade), 12 to 15 feet. 



At Glazebrook Moss, Lancashire, there is a deposit of peaty beds about 18 feet 

 in thickness, resting on Boulder Clay. The drainage of this area, as pointed out 

 by Mr. Reade, caused the moss to sink about 8 feet. The same geologist has 

 drawn particular attention to the submarine forest at the Alt mouth, (ireat Crosby, 

 where there is evidence, in his opinion, of the trees being rooted on the spot.' 

 He believes that the last change of level in south-west Lancashire was a downward 

 one, and it did not take place within the past 2500 years. 



Peat-beds occur also at Halsall, Sefton, Pilling, and Chat Mosses in South-west 

 Lancashire.^ In Cheshire peat-beds occur in Blake Mere and other mere-basins 

 in the Drift Sand. In Derbyshire peat occurs on Kinder Scout, etc., in the 

 Peak District, and in the far north there is much peat, even on the higher parts 

 of the Cheviot Hills. 



Peat deposits, with tree-stumps in situ, occur on both sides of the river Tees, at 

 Redcar, Kildale, and West Hartlepool ; and these in places become Submei'ged 

 Forests.'' On the high grounds of Yorkshire there is much peat, 20 feet thick in 

 places on Egton High Moor and other Moors in East Yorkshire ; and it occms 

 also in Wensieydale and near Ingleborough in West Yorkshire."^ 



In the Isle of Man certain lacustrine deposits of shell-marl occur in hollows 

 of the Drift ; and they have yielded remains of Ccrvits viegaceros. Peat-bogs or 

 Curraghs occur in some parts of the island, and a Submerged Forest has been 

 noticed in Poolvash Bay.'* 



^ Godwin-Austen, Q. J. xiii. 40 ; Dixon, Geol. Sussex, ed. 2, p. 25. 



2 G. Mag. 1885, p. 145. 



■* T. V. Holmes, Trans. Cumberland Assoc, Part vi. 



4 T. M. Reade, G. Mag. 1872, p. iii; Proc. Liverpool Geol. Soc. 1871 ; 

 C. E. De Ranee, G. Mag. 1873, 1S8, 1883, 506 ; Q. J. xxvi. 655, Superficial 

 Geol. S. W. Lancashire (Geol. Surv.) p. 61 ; Joseph Boult, Speculations on 

 Former Topogi-aphy of Liverpool, Part 2, 1S67 ; G. H. Morton, Geol. 

 Liverpool, 1863. 



^ Q. J. xxxiv. 447, 808, xxxvii. 439 ; Proc. Liverpool G. S. 1877-78 ; Trans. 

 Historic Soc. Lancashire and Cheshire, 1878 ; see also C. Potter, Ibid. 1876. 



'' De Ranee, Superficial Geol. S. W^. Lancashire, p. 69. 



' A. C. G. Cameron, G. Mag. 1878, p. 351 ; W. Y. Veitch, Proc. Y'orks Geol. 

 and Polyt. Soc. 1863. 



8 Phillips, Rivers, etc., of Yorkshire, p. 38. 



» J. G. Gumming, Q. J. ii. 344. 



