CAVERNS. 543 



Remains of the Lynx {^Felis lynx) have been obtained by Mr. James Backhouse 

 from a rock-fissure in the Carboniferous Limestone of Teesdale, in Durliam.^ 



Pin Hole, Churcli Hole, and Robin Hood's Cave in the Magnesian Limestone 

 of Creswell Crags, Derbyshire, liave been explored by the Rev. J. Magens Mello, 

 while the Mammalian remains have been described by Mr. Busk and Prof. Boyd 

 Dawkins. The succession of beds was as follows : — 



5. Surface soil, with Roman and Mediaeval pottery. 



4. Limestone-breccia, with bones of Reindeer, Horse, Hyrena, Rhinoceros 



ttckorhimis, Flint flakes, etc. 

 3. Cave-earth, with similar bones, also those of Bear and Cave Lion, together 



with quartzite implements. 

 2. Red sand, etc., with remains of Reindeer, Bison, and Elephas primigenius. 

 I. Sand, with blocks of limestone. 



Among other remains found in beds i to 4, wei-e the Rlacharodtis, Leopard, 

 Polecat, Wild Cat, Fox, Wolf, Irish Elk, and Hare. Among the works of Man 

 there was the incised figure of a horse cut on a fragment of bone.- 



The Dream Cavern, near Wirksvvorth, in Derbyshire, has yielded bones of 

 Rhinoceros, etc. A fissure communicating with a basin in the Limestone at Windy 

 Knoll, near Castleton in Derbyshire, explored by Mr. Rooke Pennington, yielded 

 many specimens of Bison and Reindeer, also Grisly Bear, Fox, and VVolf. It had 

 apparently been a drinking place, where these animals had been engulphed.* 



A Cavern in Great Ormes Head has yielded Recent (Pre-historic) remains of 

 Man, etc.* 



Near St. Asaph there are Caves at Cefn and Pont-newydd, which were 

 explored by Edward Stanley (Bishop of Norwich), in 1832, and more recently by 

 Prof. Hughes and the Rev. D. R. Thomas.^ 



At Cefn the Cavern, in the Carboniferous Limestone, has yielded Elephas 

 antiqiiits, Rhinoceros tichorhintis. Hippopotamus tnajor, Bos, Cerviis, Felis spelcea, 

 Ursiis spelaus, etc. At Plas Heaton, near St. Asaph, remains of the Glutton 

 and other animals have been found. 



A Cavern near Tremeirchion has yielded many bones, and furnishes evidence 

 of its occupation by Hysenas. There are Bone-caverns also at Ffynnon Beuno 

 and Cae Gwyn, in the Vale of Clwyd,^ which have been explored by Dr. 

 Hicks and Mr. E. B. Luxmoore. From these many Pleistocene Mammalian 

 remains have been obtained, including about 400 teeth of Rhinoceros, 500 of 

 Horse, iSo of Hyosna, and 15 of Mammoth. Several Flint implements have also 

 been found in association with the bones. The most important evidence, however, 

 is that the Bone-earth at Cae Gwyn is overlaid by Boulder Clay. The Beds were 

 as follows : — Below the soil, for about 8 feet, a tolerably stiff Boulder Clay, 

 containing many ice-scratched boulders and narrrow bands and pockets of sand. 

 Below this about seven feet of gravel and sand, with here and there bands 

 of red clay, having also many ice-scratched boulders. The next deposit was 

 a laminated brown clay, and under this was found the bone-earth, a brown, 

 sandy clay with small pebbles and with angular fragments of limestone, 

 stalagmite, and stalactites. During the excavations it became clear that the 

 bones had been greatly disturbed by water action, that the stalagmite floor, 

 in parts more than a foot in thickness, and massive stalactites had also been 

 broken and thrown about in all positions, and that these had been covered after- 

 wards by clays and sand containing foreign pebbles. This seemed to prove that 

 the caverns, now 400 feet above Ordnance datum, must have been submerged 

 subsequently to their occupation by the animals and by man. In Dr. Hicks' 



1 W. Davies, G. Mag. 1880, p. 346. 



^ Q. J. xxxi. 679 ; xxxii. 240 ; xxxiii. 579, 589 ; xxxv. 724. 

 » P. Geol. Assoc, v. 188, Q. J. xxxi. 238. 

 * Canon A. H. W. Ingram, G. Mag. 1885, p. 307. 



^ Proc. G. S. i. 402 ; Journ. Anthrop. Inst. iii. ; see also Trimmer, Practical 

 Geology, p. 400 ; D. Mackintosh, Q. J. xxxii. 91. 

 « H. Hicks, Q. J. xlii. 3, G. Mag. 1885, p. 510. 



