CAVERNS. 545 



times, containing remains of Man, Bos longifrons, Goat, Badger, Dog, and shells 

 of the Limpet, Oyster, and Mussel. 



At Durdham Down, near Bristol, many Pleistocene Mammalian remains were 

 formerly obtained from a fissure in the Carboniferous Limestone.^ 



In Somersetshire, a bone-cavern near Wookey Hole has yielded flint-implements, 

 and bones of Mammoth, Woolly Rhinoceros, Cave Lion, Hyasna, etc. Its 

 exploration was commenced in 1S59 by Prof W. Boyd Dawkins and the Rev. J. 

 Williamson.- There are many other caverns in the Mendip Hills, at Banwell, 

 Sandford Hill, Bleadon, Hutton, Uphill, etc., explored many years ago by the 

 Rev. D. Williams, Mr. W. Beard, and others. Whitcombe's Hole in Burrington 

 Combe, was occupied, according to Prof. Dawkins, in the Iron Age ; but in most 

 cases the earlier Mammalian remains were, in his opinion, introduced into the 

 caves from the surface by streams.' 



In 1858 a cavern was discovered in the Devonian Limestone at Windmill Hill, 

 Brixham, near Torquay. It was explored in 1858 and 1859, under the super- 

 intendence of Mr. Pengelly, and showed the following succession of beds : — 



4. Stalagmite. 



3. Limestone Breccia. 



2. Cave Earth, reddish loam with angular fragments of limestone. 



I. Shingle bed with pebbles of different rocks. 



Remains of the Mammoth, Tichorhine Rhinoceros, Horse, Ox, Red Deer, 

 Reindeer, Roebuck, Cave Lion, Cave Hycena, Cave Bear, Brown Bear, Grisly 

 Bear, Fox, Hare, and Lemming, etc., also Worked Flints, were obtained 

 from it.* 



In Kent's Cavern, Torquay, all these species have been met with in the cave- 

 earth, and in addition Maclutrodus latideiis. Wolf, Dog, Glutton, Badger, Bison, 

 Irish Elk, Beaver, .Seal, etc. This was one of the Caverns first systematically 

 explored, a task undertaken during the years 1825-29 by the Rev. J. MacEnery, 

 whose labours at the time were not sufficiently appreciated. In 1865 a new and 

 thorough exploration of the Cavern was undertaken by the British Association, 

 and carried on until 1880 ; and for the constant supervision of the workings and 

 record of the facts we are indebted to Mr. Pengelly. He has determined five 

 marked beds of variable thickness and extent in this cavern as follows : — 



5. Black Mould, 3 to 12 inches, with remains of Sheep, Flakes, and Strike- 

 lights. (Ovine.) 

 4. Granular stalagmite, coeval with the Tichorhine Rhinoceros. \ 



I inch to 5 feet. J (Hyaenine.) 



3. Cave Earth, with Hyc^na spelcra, etc., and flint implements. ) 

 2. Crystalline stalagmite, 12 feet thick in places. ) 



I. Breccia, with remains almost exclusively of Bear, and flint / (Ursine.) 

 implements. ) 



Several inscriptions have been noticed in the Cavern by Mr. Pengelly, the oldest 

 of which bears the date of 1571. 



The flint and chert implements found in the breccia and cave-earth are very 

 dissimilar, the former being much ruder, than the latter, which were ovoid and 

 lanceolate in form, very elaborate, and were associated with bone implements and 

 ornaments. These facts, in Mr. Pengelly's opinion, prove the tenancy of the cave 

 by two distinct races of men, and furnish evidence of a long lapse of time between 

 them. Both the races of men were coeval with extinct Pleistocene animals, but 



1 E. Wilson, Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc. v. (1886). 

 '^ Q. J xviii. 127 ; xix. 260 ; G. Mag. 1865, p. 44. 

 ^ On the Caverns of Burrington Combe, 1864. 



* See Prestwich, Phil. Trans. 1873 ; Pengelly, Trans. Devon Assoc, vi. 775 ; 

 Trans. Plymouth Inst. v. 341. 



