BIRDS FROM BRAZIL AND SOUTHERN VENEZUELA—FRIEDMANN 443 
olive. Likewise, birds may vary regardless of geography, season, 
sex, or age, in the darkness of the general upper and under parts, 
the range being from ochraceous-hazel to rufescent Van Dyke brown 
mixed to some extent with dark olive-green. The width of the dusky 
bars on the inner webs of the primaries is also variable in a purely 
individual fashion, a fact that adds emphasis to the stability achieved 
in this regard in the unbarred western race citreopygius. Some of the 
variations seen foreshadow to some extent the unbarred pattern of 
citreopygius. Thus, in several examples, the pale yellowish bars 
are marginally confluent and form a broad edging to the inner web, 
thereby reducing the length of their transverse indentations, which 
give rise to the barred pattern of the feathers. The color of the pale 
under wing areas is another purely individual variable, being correlat- 
ed with the color of the rump and upper tail coverts. In examples | 
where the latter areas are greenish we find this color tinging the under 
side of the wings; where the rump is yellowish or ochraceous, the 
underwing areas are paler and yellower. 
These color variations are not peculiar to Celeus jumana jumana but 
occur also in C. 7. citreopygius and in the forms of C. elegans. With 
regard to the latter group, it seems best to continue to consider it as a 
specifically distinct entity with its markedly pale crest easily setting it 
off from the yumana group. 
As far as size is concerned the results of the present survey indicate 
that although there is a tendency for the more northern jumana to be 
larger than those from farther south this is not constant, and the ex- 
tremes in the two areas are about the same. Celeus yumana and its 
close relative elegans give the impression of a very variable mass that 
has not settled down into component variants geographically. 
Celeus jumana saturata Carriker appears to be a doubtful form. It 
can be matched by specimens from the Amazon which occur together 
with others that are typical jumana. 
CELEUS GRAMMICUS GRAMMICUS (Malherbe): Rio Negro Barred Woodpecker 
Picus grammicus MALHERBE, Mem. Soc. Roy. Liége, 1845, p. 69 (“Bresil’”= 
Marabitanas, Rio, fide Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 60, 1930, 
p. 183). 
SPECIMENS COLLECTED 
1-, Brazil, Rio Negro, mouth of Rio Cauabury, October 21, 1930. 
lad. & (= 9 ?), Brazil, Cachoeira Thomaz, Rio Cauabury, October 26, 1930. 
1 ad. 9, Venezuela, Upper Orinoco, right bank opposite Corocoro Island, 
March 13, 1931. . 
2ad. #, 2 ad. 9, Venezuela, Cerro Yapacana, Upper Orinoco, March 28—April 
27, 1931. 
Although the material available for comparison has been slight (one 
specimen each of the two other races subcervinus and latifasciatus) the 
variations presented by. the present series are such as to raise some 
