BIRDS FROM BRAZIL AND SOUTHERN VENEZUELA—FRIEDMANN 555 
lombia, stated by Hellmayr (Catalogue of the birds of the Americas, 
pt. 9, 1936, p. 207, footnote) to be a connecting link between episcopus 
and coelestis (Spix). On the whole, the Brazilian specimens listed 
above have more whitish on the wings than the four from Puerto 
Ayacucho, Venezuela However, one finds birds with much whitish 
and others of equal maturity and like sex with little or none from the 
same general localities in parts of the range as widely separated as 
British Guiana and Santarem, Brazil. In a general way it does seem 
that western Amazonian birds tend to have more of the whitish on 
the wings than do eastern ones, which suggests that possibly we have 
in upper Amazonia a great area over which episcopus and coelestis 
intergrade. Hellmayr, on the other hand, finds birds from Barcellos 
on the Rio Negro to agree perfectly with others from Pardé and the 
Guianas. It also appears that episcopus and cana merge in the 
southern part of the Crinoco drainage, which accounts for the present 
specimens from Puerto Ayacucho having a somewhat intermediate 
coloration. 
Recently Zimmer (Amer. Mus. Nov., No. 1262, 1944, p. 10) has 
described 7. e. mediana from Manéos, Brazil. If valid, this would be 
the form to which our present species would have to be referred. 
However, in view of the above comments and the fact that Zimmer 
writes that his new form, “‘. . . is admittedly intermediate between 
episcopus and coelestis, . . .’’ it seems better to consider mediana a 
synonym of the nominate form. 
THRAUPIS EPISCOPUS CANA (Swainson): Gray Tanager 
Tanagra cana Swainson, Ornithological drawings, pt. 3, 1836, pl. 37 (no locality - 
indicated = ‘‘Venezuela,”’ suggested by Berlepsch, Verh. 5th Internat. Orn. 
Kongr. Berlin, 1912, p. 1051, restricted to Caracas by Hellmayr, Arch. 
fir Naturg., vol. 90A, No. 2, 1924, p. 185). 
SPECIMEN COLLECTED 
1 ad. 9, Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela, June 8, 1931. 
The specimen is in rather worn plumage. 
THRAUPIS PALMARUM MELANOPTERA (Sclater): Amazonian Palm Tanager 
Tanagra melanoptera ScuatTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 24, ‘‘1856”’ (=1857), 
p. 235 (east Peru and ‘‘Bogota’”’=eastern Peru). 
SPECIMENS COLLECTED 
lad. @, 1 im. o&, Santa Isabel, Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil, October 9-15, 
1930. 
3 ad. o, Sao Gabriel, Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil, January 6-10, 1931. 
1 ad. o&, Cucuhy, Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil, February 3, 1930. 
1 ad. o&, 1 ad. 9, Chapazon, Brazo Casiquiare, Venezuela, January 30, 1931. 
lad. 9, San Antonio, Upper Orinoco, Venezuela, March 3, 1931. 
lad. o, 2 ad. 9,1 im. o&, Puerto Ayacucho, Rfo Orinoco, Venezuela, May 
11-20, 1931. 
