within his or her surroundings, or indeed whether there is diseord. 

 I believe that this is the origin of emotion, harmony broadly leading 

 to positive emotions and diseord to their negative counterparts. It 

 might even be valid to think in terms of emotional intensity being 

 quantitatively determined by the degree of harmony/discord. The 

 colloquial familiarity of the word feelings introduces a regrettable 

 fuzziness here, because that term is indiscriminately applied both to 

 emotions and to raw sensations. Modern neuroscience, on the other 

 hand, sees the two concepts as being quite distinct, and it is for this 

 reason that a separate term is usually employed in discussion of raw 

 sensations, namely qualia (singular: quale). The quale associated 

 with pain, for example, concerns itself with the actual painfidness 

 of pain, rather than the mere fact of pain. I have suggested (Cotterill. 

 2001a. 2001b) that a quale of raw sensation is produced when a 

 schema is accompanied by attention, a schema (plural: schemata) 

 being a reproducible linking of motor-directing activity to the op- 

 timal environmental feedback resulting from that activity, the repro- 

 ducibility stemming from the fact that schemata are laid down in 

 the available form of memory. This sounds rather technical, I admit, 

 but the crux of the matter is that schemata are the embodiment of 

 the cognitive elements we considered earlier. We acquire such ele- 

 ments through experience, and it is important to note that they au- 

 tomatically imply an outcome of the relevant motor sequence. This 

 is perhaps most directly illustrated by the bacterium we considered 

 above, with its behavioral repertoire consisting of just two schemata; 

 in the case of that creature we see choice telescoped down to a mere 

 binary option. Seen in this light, emotion is an integral part of con- 

 sciousness, so I would not agree with Jaak Panksepp's (2000) and 

 Douglas Watt's (1999) separation of the two concepts (though I cer- 

 tainly admire their efforts at clinical explanations of the impairments 

 of emotion). 



I have introduced a number of technical terms, so we ought to 

 pause and consider how they fit into the overall picture. Schemata 

 are stored links between motor sequences and sensory feedback 

 from the surroundings (which I've also been calling the environ- 

 ment). They are invoked automatically by creatures not capable of 

 consciousness, and they can also be invoked unconsciously by crea- 



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