(a) 



BLUE 



YELLOW 



(b) 



77 333 

 7 333 



Fig. 2. (a) Stroop color-of-ink test in which a competing color word is repre- 

 sented, (b) An adaptation of the Stroop task used by Washburn (1994) with trained 

 monkeys and humans. The task is to move a mouse to the larger of the two arrays. 

 When the size of the array conflicts with the quantity of digits, humans (and monkeys 

 trained to appreciate numbers) show an increase in RT and errors. 



the evolution of cingulate connectivity between nonhuman primates 

 and people. Anatomical studies show the great expansion of white 

 matter, which has increased more in recent evolution than has the 

 neo cortex itself (Zilles, 2005). One type of projection cell called 



Cognitive 

 division 



Affective 

 division 



| Emotional tasks 

 | Cognitive tasks 



Fig. 3. A division of the anterior cingulate into a dorsal area related to regulation 

 of cognitive networks and a ventral division related to regulation of emotional net- 

 works (adapted from Bush et al., 2000). 



