Hippocampus 



Fig. 5. The dorsal and ventral anterior cingulate have been found to correlate 

 with the effortful control measure by the Early Adolescent Behavior Questionnaire 

 (Ellis and Rothbart, 2001). [Figure adapted from Whittle, 2007] 



terference. Presumably this is because some of the conflict is re- 

 duced during the time the subject is preparing to process the target 

 location. 



A subsequent study using fMRI (Fan et al., 2005) showed that 

 the brain areas that are involved for these three networks, as shown 

 in figure 1 are for the most part independent. Figure 7 names the 

 brain areas that represent the source of the alerting, orienting, and 

 executive (conflict) attention networks. Each of the networks has a 

 dominant neuromodulator arising from subcortical brain areas. 



The scores on the executive attention (conflict) network of the 

 ANT have been shown to correlate with the temperament factor 

 called "effortful control" (EC) at several ages during childhood. 

 Gerardi-Caulton (2000) carried out some of the first research linking 



8 



