238 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol.54. 



DOMESTICATION. 



At the time of the arrival of the Spaniards the.Hopi had two 

 domestic animals, the dog and the turkey. The dog appears to have 

 been a short-legged species,^ resembling a dachshund. The name 

 given this animal is poko, which also means pet or attendant animal 

 of the world quarter beings. Bones of the dog are not infrequently 

 dug up. The skull of a dog was excavated from a grave at Chavez 

 Pass, Arizona,^ the specimen being polished, as though from use as 

 a fetish or object of special care. 



The turkey is the only bird that was domesticated by the American 

 Indians north of Mexico. In the latter country the turkey was a 

 familiar domestic animal, and in the Pueblo region the same condi- 

 tion of affairs seems to have prevailed since early times. The turkey 

 is mentioned in the Zuni cosmogenic legend, and its tail-feather mark- 

 ings are said to be caused by the slime of the earlier wet world. It 

 is a sacred bird, probably never eaten but preserved for its feathers, 

 which were used both for ceremonial and practical purposes in pahos 

 and in preparing the feather cord from which garments were con- 

 structed.^ 



The Hopi have received from the white man horses, burros, cattle, 

 sheep, goats, pigs, chickens, and cats. It is difficult to say in what 

 order the animals came into the possession of the Hopi, but in point 

 of usefulness the smaller animals are first. (A bell of horns for 

 grazing animals is shown in pi. 22, fig, 1.) The care of cattle neces- 

 sitates the use of the horse, and it is probable that the Hopi acquired 

 these animals late and never owned them in number. The burro, 

 however, is an animal suited to meager environments, and has become 

 inseparable from the Hopi economy. With the larger animals came 

 rude harness, spurs, whip, hobbles, the lariat, and other articles con- 

 nected with them (pi. 22, fig. 4). 



In the humane treatment of animals the Hopi has much to learn. 

 Horses are often overworked and starved, and the goad is some- 

 times cruelly used on the weak, jaded animals. Burros are " pun- 

 ished " for stealing, the penalty being the loss of an ear. Some old 

 offenders have suffered the loss of both ears. The Hopi does not 

 appear to be intentionally cruel; he is rather childishly careless of 

 the rights of the dumb creatures under his charge. The equipments 

 rendered necessary by the introduction of the horse are crude com- 

 pared with those of the Navaho, and reflect the scanty resources of 

 the Hopi and their incomplete utilization of the horse, again losing 



* Lucas, F. A., A dog of the ancient Pueblos, Science, n. s., vol. 5, No. 118, April 2, 

 1897, p. 543-544. 



• Fewkes, J. W., Two summers' work In Pueblo ruins, 22d Ann. Rept. Bur. Amer. Ethn., 

 p. 27. 



» Hough, Bull. 87, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1914, p. 71. 



