NO. 2235. HOP! INDIAN COLLECTION— HOUGH. 271 



abrading and polishing stones; the slab for baking bread; mortars 

 and pestles, paint mortars and slabs; slabs for potter's work; and 

 covers for ovens, etc.^ These are still made by stone art methods, 

 but the Hopi possess and use stone axes, mauls, hammers, knives, ar- 

 rowheads, " hoes," etc., found in ancient ruins and now having a 

 secondar}^ employment for domestic and religious purposes. Con- 

 structions with stone are practically the same now as in past cen- 

 turies, and pictographs are still cut in rock faces; on the whole the 

 attitude of the Hopi toward stone, except in minor featvires, has 

 been little changed by the introduction of iron. It may be said in 

 explanation of this unprogressiveness that the introduction of iron 

 has been slow, in small amount and comparatively recent, due to 

 isolation of the villages, and that no Hopi has yet become an iron- 

 worker. The Hopi probably received their first iron from the Rio 

 Grande Pueblos in the form of crude, heavy hoes (see fig. 1). They 

 were also in touch with the trade in iron arrowpoints, a trade at one 

 time of considerable proportions and extending over a vast terri- 

 tory, causing the rapid disappearance of the stone arrowhead. The 

 iron arrowhead appears to have been brought from the Plains tribes 

 by the Taos Indians and traded to the Pueblos. The Utes, Navaho, 

 and Apache retained the stone arrowpoint in large measure until the 

 recent introduction of firearms, while the Pueblos had discarded it 

 except as fetiches long before this period. 



The hafting of stone axes and hammers, examples of which have 

 been encountered among the Hopi and other Pueblos, probably in 

 few cases follow the ancient methods, but is a crude application of 

 ingenuity to accomplish the result, much as the problem of mount- 

 ing an ancient specimen would be solved by a civilized man to whom 

 the genesis of the implement was unknown. 



Archeological objects picked up from ruins are valued as fetiches 

 and are placed on the altars or employed in other ways by the secret 

 orders (see fig. 47). Some of these specimens have come down ap- 

 parently through many generations in Hopi fraternities and are 

 entrusted to individuals for safe-keeping. Other archeological 

 artifacts have been put to practical uses, especially axes and hammers, 

 the resultant misuse without sharpening, tending to reduce an axe 

 to a form resembling that of the hammer and the hammer to a 

 nodule. In many cases metates recovered from village sites have 

 resumed their utility in Hopi households. Stone fetiches were not 

 often made by the ancient Hopi and there is no evidence that they 

 ever made hard stone fetiches in number like those of the Zuiii or from 

 ancient sites on the Tularosa River, but figurines worked from soft 

 sandstone and painted representing zooic and anthropomorphic be- 



1 See exhibit of archeology, second floor, and family group case, first floor. 



