276 



PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 



VOL. 54. 



Juniperus occidentalism is valuable for firewood, but its brittleness 

 and crookedness render it almost valueless for Hopi construction. 

 For minor uses the oak, Quercus gambelli, is brought from long dis- 

 tances to the north for bows, digging sticks, clubs, weft battens, 

 etc. (see pis. 30, 44), and the mountain mahogany Gercocarpus, also 

 brought from the north, has its chief use for small weft batens and 

 combs employed in belt weaving. Among the minor wood stuffs 



having economic value may be mentioned 

 yucca flowering stalks and wands of the 

 rhus and willow.^ 



Timbering by the crude processes pur- 

 sued by the ancient Hopi consisted of fell- 

 ing the larger trees and cutting them off 

 to lengths by means of fire. Smaller 

 growths were cut with the stone axe, limbs 

 broken off with the stone hammer-maul, 

 and saplings and stems sectioned with the 

 saw-scraper.2 The logs were peeled with 

 the stone axe. So far as can be determined 

 the wedge for splitting wood v/as not 

 known. In the further operations of wood- 

 working the stone rasp, the knife and saw 

 of chert, and the drill and smoothing 

 stones were used. Of the stone-age tools 

 only the rasp and drill (fig. 42, a, &, c) 

 have survived to the present, iron tools 

 having been substituted. This change ap- 

 pears to have taken place recently in re- 

 gard to most of the implements. 



The objects of wood, which are carved, 

 consist of dolls (pi. 42), tihus; parts of 

 masks, animal figurines as birds, feather 

 boxes (pi. 43, figs. 2 to 5), etc.; and pahos 

 of great variety. Joined work consists 

 of masks, headdresses, slats of wood, altar frames, lightning sticks 

 (see fig. 45) and other religious paraphernalia (figs. 43, 44). Joining 

 is effected with leather thongs or fiber cord and wooden pegs and pin- 

 yon gum. Among the various simple objects of wood made by the 

 Hopi are firemaking sticks, digging sticks, rabbit clubs, bows and 

 arrows, weaving tools, parching rods, traps, loom parts, etc., which 

 are described under their appropriate classes. Wood was worked in 



FiQ.42.— fl" Pump DRILL. &. Detail 



OF AFFIXING THE STRAP. C. DETAIL 

 OF POINT. 



the main like stone, and some wooden objects like dolls were ground 



1 For wood used In house construction see Mindeleff Pueblo Architecture, 8th Ann. Rept. 

 Bur. Amer. Ethnol., 1886, p. 102. 



2 Hough, Bull. 87, U. S. Nat. Mus. 



