278 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MVSEUM. vol.54. 



with plane surfaces was a great drawback to Pueblo woodworking. 

 Such wood sections of small size and of very fissile wood as the 

 ilower stalk of yucca and like plants were indeed made in some locali- 

 ties, but in small amount and probably by splitting with the flint 

 knife. Usually such pieces were ground down on sandstone from 

 larger masses of wood. 



Cottonwood trees often decay, forming hollow shells of thin wood 

 which the Hopi appropriate for drums. 



HORN. 



The Hopi formerly made a limited use of horn in the arts, chiefly 

 for large spoons used in preparing and serving food. For these 

 utensils the material was the horns of the mountain sheep which 

 already approximated the form desired. The horn was rudely 

 dressed and bent to shape with heat, and the finished ladle is rough 

 and clumsy, probably owing to the difficulty in working the sub- 

 stance by the abrading methods practiced by the Plopi. Identical 

 horn ladles are found in all the Pueblo villages and their number 

 indicates the abundance of mountain sheep formerly existing in the 

 mountains of New Mexico and Arizona. 



The disk whorl of the spindle was sometimes made of horn, and 

 hooks for the pack strap and combs for weaving were occasionally 

 of the same material. Horns of the antelope were used entire as 

 hooks planted in the walls of houses ; sewed to certain helmet masks 

 or perforated to form a wrench for straightening basket wands, ar- 

 rowshafts, or other rods (see pi. 46, fig. 4). Entire horns were also 

 used as bells or rattles (see pi. 22, fig. 1). 



BONE. 



Bones of animals entered little into the arts of the Hopi, the chief 

 use being for awls (see pi. 46) and leather- working implements. 

 Scapulae were used in music (see pi. 51) and as scarecrows (see pi. 22, 

 fig. 3). 



SHELL. 



Shell work is sparingly practiced by the Hopi, but when possessed 

 of shells from the sea, which they value highly, they are able to per- 

 forate them for stringing as necklaces and rattles: but they do not 

 make beads or do any work in shell comparable to that found in the 

 ancient ruins. 



LEATHER. 



The environment of this portion of Arizona is not animal and 

 there was always a scarcity of skins for clothing and other uses. 

 In consequence weaving became much developed among the Hopi. 

 Nevertheless, the trade in tanned deerskin was very important and 



