282 PROCEEDING'S OF THE NATIONAL 2IUISEUM. vol.54. 



eyes and a mass of horsehair or fur sewed to the top of the mask. 

 The nose is often a cylinder of wood sewed in place with sinew or 

 pegged on, or it may be the neck of a gourd, and the ears are often 

 blocks or tablets of wood or flaps of leather. Many masks are sup- 

 plied with a visor consisting of a section of coiled basket. Some of 

 the masks require sno^v on top, and this is simulated with cotton; 

 feathers, grasses, etc., also decorate the masks. Around the lower 

 margin of some of the helmet masks is tied a roll of painted cotton 

 cloth or fur or pine twigs as seen also in Zuiii helmet masks. 



Cap masks have for a foundation a bowl-like wicker or twilled 

 basket structure, or in modern times the crown of an old felt hat. 

 Horns of the antelope are pierced with holes at the base and sewed 

 on or imitation horns of the mountain sheep ingeniously molded in 

 rawhide are sewed to the masks to form the headdress of the Ala- 

 wimpkia or priests of the Horn Fraternity. The necks of gourds are 

 also used to represent horns. The horns and cap of these masks are 

 frequently formed of one piece of skin, and to cut the pattern so that 

 it will join properly requires considerable ingenuity. 



Masks representing women resemble masks with which civilized 

 man is familiar. The face is modelled with some art and when sur- 

 faced with pinkish clay and supplied with a wig have a striking 

 similitude to Hopi women. Women's masks or those representing 

 female beings are supplied with eais representing squash flowers 

 formed by wrapping bright yarns over a radiating frame of splints 

 or martynia spines (fig. 43 <z, 6). A coronet around the top of the 

 mask is sometimes formed in this way. Flowers are often carved 

 from disks of gourd (fig. 44 «, h) or consist of a wooden disk with 

 wooden petals stuck around the periphery, or they may be of carved 

 wood. Bangs on the woman's masks are made of horsehair dyed red. 

 This is made in a strip, the ends of the hairs held tightly by a braid- 

 ing of three cords. Sometimes the bang is made of white goat's hair. 

 All the ancient female deities wore bangs. 



The masks of joined wood are remarkable pieces of work. They are 

 fan shape and consist of numerous bits of wood ground to shape and 

 joined with wooden pegs to represent flowers, stars, rainclouds, birds, 

 etc. They are erected on a semicircular frame of wood or rods cov- 

 ered with cloth which fits over the sides of the head. They are 

 gaudily painted with bright earths and are very striking. In the apex 

 is a ring of cornshuck which rests on top of the head when the mask 

 is in place, and the mask is secured to the head by leather straps or 

 buckskin thongs. Some of these masks are made up of rain-cloud 

 tablets sewed together and have a rectangular opening for the head. 

 Some of them consist of a framework of rods covered with painted 

 cloth or skin. This construction is carried out in other relig-ious 



