NO. 2235. HOPI INDIAN COLLECTION— HOUGH. 283 



paraphernalia. The several types of masks used Ly the Hopi may be 

 classified as follows : 



1. Helmet masks or ravvliide, which c'j\or the whole hea.l. Bag masks after 

 the helmet type. 



2. Face masks modeleu in niwhido to represent the human countenance, ani- 

 mal, or monster heads. 



3. Cap masks of basketrj' with curving horns modeled in skin or made of 

 nfecks of gourd. Hat masks of one piece of skin forming the head part and two 

 upright horns. 



4. Coronet or tablet masks of joined pieces of wood or skin stretched over 

 a framew^ork. With these is Worn a visor or band passing around the head and 

 having eye, nose, and mouth holes cut in it. Such visors are also worn with the 

 cap masks. 



There is an immense amount of inventive ability, mechanical skill, 

 and artistic labor displayed in the construction of ceremonial para- 

 phernalia — the scenery of the religious rites, if it may be so called. 

 The personal paraphernalia of costume masks and objects collected, 

 with the participation of the celebrants, run the gamut of complex- 

 ity in their preparation, but the requirements of the collective set- 

 ting of the ceremonies are even more far-reaching. The difficulty 

 of the mere record of the preparations and mechanical conduct of a 

 single ceremony is enormous. The altars alone, erected by the dif- 

 ferent fraternities during the rites, are marvels of complexity. Some 

 ceremonies demand mechanical manipulations that are surprising 

 in their production and in their effect on the beholder. One of these 

 is the Palulukong ceremony, excellent!}' described by Doctor J. Walter 

 Fewkes,' which huge mechanical snakes emerge from orifices in the 

 altar frame or from great jars and struggle realistically together or 

 with the celebrants. 



An invention of the Hopi which shows ingenuity is a folding 

 frame used in ceremonies to represent lightning (figs. 45 a, h). 



WEAPONS AND HUNTING. 



The social organization of the Hopi is very complex, being inter- 

 penetrated by the rules and laws of an extremely involved religion, 

 itself a partial fusion of ideas of varied origin. 



In its elementary form the organization is based on the clan and 

 its group of laws, secular and religious. The case of a single clan 

 occupying its own settlement is comparatively simple. Here the 

 government would be administered by the circle of clan elders who 

 act both in a religious and secular capacity, directing all the prac- 

 tical work of the clan, but on a religious basis — that is, all activities 

 are to be referred to the direction of the supernatural powers, ap- 

 peal to which would be through the fraternity. The approximation 



1 Fewkes, Dr. J. Walter and A. M. Stephen. The Pa lu hi konte : Journ. Amer. Polk- 

 Lore. vol. 6, Oct. and Dec, 1903, pp. 269-284. 



