284 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. vol. 54. 



of several clans in one village requires adjustments, but these give 

 rise to no serious changes in the organization. A coalescence of 

 clans gives rise to no higher social functions, and it may be said 

 that at the arrival of the Spaniards the executive or gubernatorial 

 functions of the Hopi were not invested in a single head. This 

 feature was forced on the Pueblos by act of the United States Gov- 

 ernment by the appointing of civil chiefs, whose power in effect 

 was nothing unless it coincided with inherited clan delegation of 

 authority. 



The displacements of the social organization at times are very 

 curious. Ordinarily when a ceremony is not in progress such regu- 

 lation of the activities of the pueblo as are necessary is provided 

 through the council apparently without action of a fraternity. Dur- 

 ing a ceremony the pueblo appears to be in the control of the fra- 

 ternity or fraternities holding the ceremony. This is shown in the 

 closing of the trails leading to the pueblo to prevent profanation, 

 first observed by the Spaniards under Espejo in 1583. The patrols 

 who even to this day order white men away during ceremonies seem 

 to point to this feature. It would appear that clan control of the 

 village was the usage at times of a ceremony held by members of a 

 clan. 



It is true, however, that all ceremonies by any clan whatsoever are 

 held for the common good of the associated clans constituting the 

 village. 



War and hunting are also features of the social organization. War 

 or protection was socio-religious and was entrusted to a fraternity. 

 Hunting belonged to the communal type and was a feature entering 

 into the rites of some fraternities. 



HUNTING. 



Hopi legendaries say that before the advent of the wliite man 

 their country was covered with excellent grass and consequently 

 there was much game. There appears to be a substantial foundation 

 to this legend, since we know that by wasteful methods of over- 

 stocking, the grasses and other herbage of Arizona have been reduced 

 by the white man to a minimum in some parts and exterminated in 

 others. In former times, then, the range of animals may have 

 been extensive where now they are restricted. The antelope was, 

 as we know, plentiful in all portions of the open country, and prob- 

 ably deer of several species ranged with them. Bear also had a 

 more extensive range on account of food, there being evidence that 

 juniper forests were much more widespread than at present. Smaller 

 mammals, like the fox, coyote, wolf, skunk, raccoon, porcupine, 

 badger, prairie dog, rabbit, hare, mice, etc., may or may not have 



