NO. 2235. HOPI INDIAN COLLECTION—HOUGH. 291 



children's toys. From the standpoint of adults, children's toys are 

 given a religious significance through connection with ceremonials, 

 but without doubt the children employ the toys secularly according 

 to their limited knowledge. Dolls, therefore, are not the impersonal 

 figurines of civilization, but are representations of spiritual beings. 

 There are no dolls which can be named Flora or Mopsey; the name is 

 that of some awe-inspiring ancestral or nature spirit. In fact the 

 Hopi infants have no dolls as the name is understood in civilization. 

 The figurines called dolls are tihus (see pi. 42), a word like the 

 NahuatI teo. translated god, and are prepared by celebrants in Kat- 

 china ceremo'jies to represent the being to be impersonated by the 

 actor. After the ceremony the tihu is given to a child, who thus may 

 become acquauited with the characteristics of the being and who 

 probably is supposed Uj ?ecure also some guardianship or other bene- 

 fit from its possession. The tihus are respected and treasured by 

 th(^ children, who are not expected to fondle them as dolls, but such 

 is sometimes the case. 



MUSIC. 



The meaning of the rattle is complex. It is principally a device for 

 marking rhythm and is so used in the cycle of songs in the Flute and 

 other ceremonies as well as in the meetings for instruction in sing- 

 ing. The rattle is also sounded at intervals in ceremonies as though 

 marking an event in the performance. The sound is thought to have 

 a magic influence and really has a hypnotic and inspirational influ- 

 ence. 



Several kinds of rattles are possessed by the Hopi, this class of musi- 

 cal instruments showing great variation. Simplest are the fringes of 

 seeds, hoofs, shells, etc., attached to ceremonial garments and sounded 

 by movements of the body. The rattle of cedar berries is called le 

 pos te qua hi. Not much in advance of this are the rattles of moun- 

 tain sheep horn (al te qua hi). These consist of three horns pierced 

 at the apex, provided with a thong, tied together and to a cord a cot- 

 ton loop foi suspension as with the horn bells mentioned below used 

 by the 1 lin priests in their morning runs to bring rain (see pi. 

 22, fig. 1). 



Hoofs of cattle also pierced at the point, knotted on a thong and 

 bunched, are frequently used in the same manner as the horns. 



Bells of mountain sheep horn with clapper of the same material 

 'are sometimes bunched with other horns and hoofs and carried on 

 their rounds by rain makers. The Zuhi occasionally make globular 

 pottery bells, apparently a frank copy of a sleighbell, and in the 

 ancient ruins in the Jettyto Valley, once inhabited by Hopi clans, 

 small pottery bells of this form are somewhat frequently found. 

 Occasionally they are of metal in the ruins south of the Colorado 



