NO. 2235. HOPI INDIAN COLLECTION— HOUGH. 295 



the Hopi or other Pueblos, no specimens having been found in the 

 cliff shelters or in locations where perishable material would be pre- 

 served. It appears probable, however, that the principle of the 

 production of sound by vibrating membranes was known anciently 

 to the Pueblos, and the pottery single-head drums of the Zuiii and 

 Rio Grande tribes may be the surviving form. The pottery drum is 

 not found at present among the Hopi. The Hopi wooden drum is 

 very crude compared with those of the eastern Pueblos, and seems 

 older, but neither the drum or tambourine appear among the musi- 

 cal instruments used in the unmasked or more archaic ceremonies, 

 and for this reason seem to have been introduced by clans from the 

 Rio Grande. (See cases in exhibit of Ethnology.) 



The most important wind instrument possessed by the Hopi is the 

 flute, an object regarded with peculiar veneration by the American 

 Indians, as it is also by the Chinese (pi. 51, fig. 7). Two cognate 

 Hopi religious organizations, the Blue Flute and Drab Flute fra- 

 ternities^ base their ceremonies upon this 

 instrument, and the clans to which the 

 ceremonies are assigned also derive their 

 name from it. The flute belongs to the di- 

 rect class, being held vertically and blown fig. 48.-whistle of two potteey 

 across the end ; has five holes, and is made ^'^^^ inclosing a leaf. 



of a tube of the ancient prescribed material, but now often of cane 

 procured from a distance. 



The Hopi wish to incorporate light with the charm liquid or 

 medicine, and in ceremonial purification. This is done by a reflection 

 of sunlight from the facet of a quartz crystal. Smoke incense is 

 added by blowing the vapor into the medicine and music by sound- 

 ing a flute or whistle in the liquid. The same observance is presum- 

 ably indicated when during the Flute ceremony, flutes are blown in 

 the springs. The Flute clans are said to have come from the south, 

 and in the ceremonial caves of the upper Gila objects made to repre- 

 sent flutes have been found, which were perhaps offerings from these 

 clans. Small transverse flutes of reed are also found.^ 



The ancient and modern tribes used whistles of bone of the wing 

 of the eagle, like those used by most Indian tribes. The bone has 

 an opening in one side and a mass of pitch or resin is put in the bone 

 to force the wind over a sharp edge in the bone, vibrating the column 

 of air to form the sound. These whistles are called tur turk 'pi^ and 



1 Fewkes, 19 Ann. Bept. Bur. Amer. Bthnol., pt. 2, 1900, p. 957. 



' Hough, in Bull. 87, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 126, fig. 328, 1901 ; Ann. Kept. U. S. Nat. 

 Mug., p. 322, pi. 56, flg. 2. 



