THE ETHIOPIAN REGION 121 



various parts of the Palsearctic Region. These are — (a) 

 Mania (the Scaly Ant-eater), from the Pliocene of Samos ; 

 (6) Rhinoceros, which existed in various parts of Europe 

 from the Miocene up to the Pleistocene times ; (c) Elephas, 

 which first appears in Pliocene times, and extends to late 

 Pleistocene in Europe ; and (d) Viverra, which commences 

 earlier than the others, and also survived until Pliocene 

 times in Europe. The three remaining genera common to 

 India and Africa, but not hitherto found in fossil state in 

 the Palsearctic Region, are Golunda (a Rat), Atherura 

 (a Porcupine), and Nycteris (a small insectivorous Bat). 



It is quite possible that these animals may eventually 

 be discovered in the European Tertiaries. Besides this, 

 the remains of a considerable number of the now endemic 

 African genera have been foimd fossil in Europe. The list 

 of these is instructive, and points almost unquestionably 

 to the conclusion that Africa has been gradually peopled 

 by successive inroads of animals from the North. 



In the Eocene beds of Europe the still existing genera 

 are few in number; but the Lemurs, and many of the 

 more primitive forms of the Carnivora, such as form the 

 present fauna of Madagascar, abound. It is, therefore, 

 probable that the separation of Madagascar from the 

 mainland of Africa took place at about the close of the 

 Eocene period. During the Miocene and lower Pliocene 

 times in Europe, a large number of new genera appear for 

 the first time, the bulk of which still survive in Africa 

 and India, though extinct or almost driven out of the 

 Palsearctic Region. 



Examples of such genera are — Orycteropus, the 

 Aardvark; Manis, the Scaly Ant-eater; Rhinoceros; 

 Hyomoschus, the Water-Chevrotain (probably identical 



