122 THE GEOGRAPHY OF MAMMALS 



with Dorcotherium, a fossil form) ; Giraffa; several genera 

 of Antelopes ; the Porcupine; the Squirrel; Felis; Hyena; 

 Viverra ; Herpestes, and even the higher Monkeys. 



It must have been during this period that broad land- 

 connections existed between Europe and Africa, by means 

 of which the African continent became peopled by its 

 present fauna. 



In the succeeding Pliocene times in Europe, although 

 a number of the more distinctly African forms still sur- 

 vive, there begin to appear certain genera, such as those 

 of the Deer-family (Cervidze), Ursus (the Bear), and others 

 which have never reached Africa at all. This seems to 

 show that Africa was, at the commencement of this 

 period, cut off from the Palsearctic Region by an inter- 

 mediate sea. 



List of the Principal Authorities referred to in Chapter IV. 



(1) Balfour, I. B. — "Botany of Socotra" (Mammals, p. xxx.) 

 Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., xxxi., 1888. 



(2) Buchner, E. — " Ueber das Vorkommen der Mellivora indica, 

 Kerr, im Transcaspi-Gebiet." Notes Leyd. Mus., xv., p. 99. 



(3) Grandidier, A. — " Histoire Physique, Naturel et Politique de 

 Madagascar," vol. x., Mammiferes, by Milne Edwards and Grandidier, 

 1890. 



(4) Major, C. I. Forsyth—" On Megaladapis madagascariensis, an 

 extinct gigantic lemuroid." Proc. Roy. Soc, 1893, p. 176. 



(5) Neumann, B. — " Bericht liber seine Reisen in Ost und Central 

 Afrika." Verhandl. Gesellsch. Erdkunde Berlin, 1895 (p. 24 in separate 

 copy). 



(6) Thomas, 0. — " On Some Specimens of Mammals from Oman, 

 South-East Arabia." P. Z. S., 1894, p. 448. 



