WATEE AKD VOLCANIC ACTI^TLTY DAY AND SHEPHEKD. 295 



instead of 74 cubic centimeters, as actually found. There is but one 

 conclusion, namely, that only the minor portion of the water found 

 in the tubes was formed through reaction with atmospheric oxygen. 

 Here again, therefore, we have corroborative evidence of water 

 emanating directly from the liquid lava. 



None of these vacuum tubes gave a test for ammonia, which is not 

 surprising, since the water collected in May showed only a trifling 

 amount. With the possible exception of 5 milligrams of insoluble 

 residue found in tube No. 1 of the May collection, no titanium was 

 present. The other tubes of the series yielded none on test. 



THE HOT EMANATIONS FROM CRACKS ABOUT THE HALEMAUMAU CRATER. 



It was thought desirable to collect and analyze the gases from a 

 number of the hot cracks which occur outside the rim of the Hale- 

 maumau pit (see pi. 1) for comparison with the gases exhaled from 

 the liquid lava. One of the cracks forms an almost complete ring- 

 around the pit at a distance of about 150 meters from the rim. 

 While this crack appears practically continuous, there are a number 

 of points whei-e the gaseous exhalations are mucli more voluminous 

 than at others. The small steam cloud in plate 1 comes from this 

 crack. The temperature of the gases obtained at points on this cir- 

 cular crack and some 10 feet below the surface were quite uniformly 

 between 190^ and 200°. 



At the most noticeable of these " hot spots," locally known as the 

 " Devil's Kitchen " or " Postcard Crack," and situated northeast of 

 the Halemaumau pit, the surface lava flows are much decomposed, 

 and consist of a coarse, somewhat sandy mixture of calcium sulphate, 

 alum, ferric sulphate, and much free sulphur. In the gaseous exhala- 

 tion the amount of SO, occurring as such is relatively high, while 

 CO,, SO,, and free sulphur are also present in large quantities. A 

 vacuum tube filled at this point yielded in weight per cents: 



[Per cent by weight.] 



CO. 3.64 



O2 19.54 



N2 1 66.71 



H2O :- 9. 74 



SO3' .37 



Other tubes which were filled by pumping at this crack were found to 

 contain fixed gases as follows: 



[Per cent by volume.] 



CO, 5.8 



O3 18.2 



N2 76. 



1 The total sulphur computed as SO3. 



