ANCIENT REMAINS OF MAN HRDLICKA. 503 



its complete deposition. The fragments of cranium show little or no sign of 

 rolling or other abrasion, save an incision at the back of the parietal, probably 

 caused by a workman's pick. 



A small fragment of the skull has been weighed and tested by Mr. S. A. 

 Woodhead, M. Sc, F. I. C, public analyst for East Sussex and Hove, and 

 agricultural analyst for East Sussex. He reports that the specific gravity of 

 the bone (powdered) is 2.115 (water at 5° C. as standard). No gelatine or 

 organic matter is present. There Is a large proportion of phosphates (origi- 

 nally present in tfie bone) and a considerable proportion of iron. Silica is 

 absent. 



Besides the human remains, we found two small broken pieces of a molar 

 tooth of a rather early Pliocene type of elephant, also a much-rolled cusp 

 of a molar of Mastodon, portions of two teeth of Hippopotamus, and two molar 

 teeth of a Pleistocene beaver. In the adjacent field to the west, on the surface 

 close to the hedge dividing it from the gravel bed. we found portions of a red 

 deer's antler and the tooth of a Pleistocene horse. These may have been 

 thrown away by the workmen, or may have been turned up by a plough which 

 traversed the upper strata of the continuation of this gravel bed. Among 

 the fragments of bone found in the spoil heaps occurred part of a deer's meta- 

 tarsal, split longitudinally. This bone bears upon its surface certain small cuts 

 and scratches which appear to have been made by man. All the specimens are 

 highly mineralized with iron oxide. * * '^ 



Among the flints we found several undoubted flint implements, besides numer- 

 ous Eoliths. * * * 



From the above Mr. Dawson believed himself justified in drawing 

 the following conclusions: 



It is clear that this stratified gravel at Piltdown is of Pleistocene age, but 

 that it contains in its lowest stratum animal remains derived from some de- 

 stroyed Pliocene deposit probably situated not far away and consisting of 

 worn and broken fragments. These were mixed with fragments of early 

 Plelstoeeiie mammalia in a better state of preservation, and both forms were 

 associated with the human skull and mandible, which show no more wear and 

 tear than they might have received in situ. Associated with these animal 

 remains are Eoliths, both in a rolled and an unrolled condition ; the former are 

 doubtless derived from an older drift, and the latter in their present form are 

 of the age of the existing deposit. In the same bed, in only a very slightly 

 higher stratum, occurred a flint implement, the workmanship of which resem- 

 bles that of implements found at Chelles, and among the spoils heaps were 

 found others of a similar, though perhaps earlier, stage. 



From these facts it appears probable that the skull and mandible can not 

 safely be described as being of earlier date than the first half of the Pleisto- 

 cene (or Glacial) epoch. The indlA'idual probably lived during a warm cycle 

 of that age. 



The anthropological report on the specimen by Dr. Woodward 

 brings forth the following main details : 



The human remains comprise the greater part of a brain case and one ramus 

 of the mandible, with lower molars 1 and 2. All the bones are normal, with 

 no traces of disease, and they have not been distorted during mineralization. 



Of the brain case there are four pieces (reconstructed from nine 

 fragments) sufficiently well preserved to exhibit the shape and nat- 

 ural relations of a larger part of the vault and to justify the recon- 



