504 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1913. 



struction of some other features. These bones are particularly note- 

 worthy for their thickness, which reaches 20 mm. at the internal 

 occipital protuberance and 10 mm. along the greater part of the 

 fractured edges of the frontal and parietals. The average thickness 

 of modern European skulls, except in the locality of the various 

 ridges and sutures, varies between 4 and 6 mm. 



The greater portion of the brain case may be reconstructed without any 

 hypothetical restoration, the only serious deficiency being the middle portion 

 of the frontal region above and including the larger portion of the supraorbital 

 ridge. Such a reconstruction, with a justifiable amount of modeling, has been 

 skillfully made by Mr. Frank O. Barlow in the Palaeontological Laboratory of 

 the British Museum. * * * it is shown in plate 6. 



The reconstructed cranium (pi. 6) is evidently that of an adult, 

 but not old, female. Seen from above, it shows a short ovoid out- 

 line. It is wide posteriorly, measuring 15.0 cm; across its widest 

 part, just behind the zygomatic arch, and tapering moderately for- 

 ward to a slight constriction behind the supraorbital ridge, where 

 its width (the diameter frontal minimum) is 11.2 cm. The total 

 length from the middle of the supraorbital ridge (glabella) to the 

 external occipital protuberance (inion) is uncertain, owing to the 

 hypothetical restoration of the frontals, but it measured probably 

 not far from 19.0 cm. The cephalic index may have been, therefore, 

 somewhere about 78 or 79. 



In anterior view the relative narrowness of the frontal region is well shown, 

 and the vault is seen to rise to the vertex at the widest part of the skull. In 

 side view this upward slope is still better seen, and the steeply curved frontal 

 contour is especially noteworthy. The external occipital protuberance (inion) 

 seems to form the hindmost point of the cranium, though the portion of the 

 occipital immediately above it is in an almost vertical plane. 



In back view the contour of the skull is vei-y remarkable. It is relatively low 

 and wide, and gently arched above, with the sides flattened in their upper half, 

 and the mastoid region either vertical or slightly inclined inward. * * ♦ 



A detailed examination of the several bones of the skull is interesting, as 

 proving the typically human character of nearly all the features that they 

 exhibit. The only noteworthy reminiscences of the ape are met with in the 

 upward extension of the temporal fossae and in the low and broad shape of the 

 occiptial region. The frontal region, which is complete on the left side and in 

 its upper middle portions, shows a fairly developed forehead, with well-rounded 

 frontal eminence. Judging from the remainder of the supraorbital border, it 

 is clear that there can not have been any prominent or thickened supraorbital 

 ridge, and in consequence of this the missing parts of the frontal region were 

 restored on the plan of an ordinary human skull — 



which was, perhaps, not fully justifiable. 



The temporal crest is sharply developed over the frontal and parietals. 



Immediately behind the middle of the coronal suture the parietal region is 

 distinctly flattened; but as it expands backward, the I'oof soon rises to a broad 

 rounded vertex. The parietal eminences are conspicuous. The nearest ap- 



