514 ANNUAL EEPOET SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1913. 



vented at that time any attempts at accurate measurements. Subse- 

 quently it received attention from Huxley, Quatrefages, and Hamy, 

 and later from Macnamara, Klaatsch, Schwalbe^ Sollas, Sera, and 

 Keith, as v^ell as the writer. It is a very remarkable specimen which, 

 even though the geological and paleontological evidence relating to 

 its antiquity is imperfect, does not allow for one moment any doubt 

 as to its representing an early form of the human being; and its 

 characteristics are such that it is now universally regarded as a rep- 

 resentative, possibly a very early one, of the Homo neanderthalensis. 



The cranium (pis. 11, 12, 13) is dirty yellowish to whitish in color. 

 It is considerably mineralized. The stony matrix has been so far re- 

 moved that all important determinations and measurements which the 

 defective state of the bone itself permits, can now be made. A for- 

 tunate circumstance is that the frontal and facial parts are relatively 

 well preserved ; the vault on the other hand is largely defective, but 

 even here sufficient portions remain to permit of a number of valuable 

 determinations, and a fairl}^ correct reconstruction. 



The aspect of the face is semihuman, apish. There is a marked 

 and qijite heavy supraorbital arch, notwithstanding the fact that 

 the skull is probably that of a female. The orbits are very spacious, 

 especially in height, and the frontal process between, especiallj'^ at 

 the level of the superior borders of the orbits, is very stout. The 

 nasal bridge is low, though not excessively so, and the nasal aperture 

 is very broad. There are no suborbital (canine) fossse — the surface 

 of the maxillaries in this region is in fact slightly convex, as in the 

 apes. The zygomatic arches are deficient and in consequence it is 

 impossible to say anything definite about their breadth, except that 

 in all probability this was considerable. The upper alveolar process 

 is largely absorbed, so that we can not judge of the original prognath- 

 ism, which however was* doubtless well marked. The teeth show 

 unusual strength and especially length, though their crowns are 

 largely worn off. 



The vault, viewed from above, is ovoid in shape and decidedly 

 low. The forehead is low and sloping. The cranial bones are thick, 

 exceeding any in this line that can be found in normal modern 

 European. 



The external dimensions of the skull are fairly large, but the brain 

 was small. The cranial capacity is estimated by Keith as having 

 been under 1,100 c. c. — that in an adult white woman of the present 

 time averaging about 1,325 c. c. The palate was large and approached 

 the horseshoe in shape. The fosste for the articulation of the lower 

 jaw are rather small and, as in the Krapina skulls to be described 

 later, they are inclined distally more upward than in man of the 

 actual time. 



