520 ANNUAL EEPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1913. 



The internal capacity of the skull has been estimated by Schaaff^ 

 hausen at 1,033 c. c, by Huxley at 1,230 c. c, and by Schwalbe at 

 1,234 e. c. 



The brain which filled the skull was lower and narrower and 

 slightly more pointed than the human brain of to-day, approaching 

 in these features more the anthropoid form. The right frontal 

 lobe was slightly larger and longer than the left, and the whole right 

 hemisphere Avas slightly longer than that of the opposite side. In 

 the present man it is generally the left hemisphere which is the 

 longer, but this exception in the Neanderthal man is not necessarily 

 of any special significance. 



The long and other bones of the skeleton (pis. 17-18) , so far as pre- 

 served, show many features of anthropological inferiority, demon- 

 strating plainly that not merely the skull, but the whole body of 

 the Neanderthal man occupied a lower evolutionary stage than that 

 of any normal human being of the historic times. However, many 

 of the details on these points are technical and must be reserved for 

 another publication. The bones in general indicate a powerful 

 musculature. They belong doubtless to a male individual. The 

 stature of the man was about like the average of the present man 

 in central Europe, or but slightly lower (the femora indicate, accord- 

 ing to Manouvrier's scale, approximately 165 cm.)^ The thigh bones, 

 besides presenting a powerful neck with a relatively large head, show 

 also a very mesially located minor condyle, certain peculiarities of 

 the shaft, a small but distinct suprapatellar fossa which does not 

 exist any more in man of this day, and a slight convexity, espe- 

 cially on the right, of the popliteal surface, a region which in the 

 present man is as a rule more or less concave. The left humerus 

 shows signs of an injury in consequence of which it doubtless i-e- 

 mained much weaker than the right bone. The proximal end of the 

 left ulna has also been damaged in life. The radius presents a 

 marked functional (nonpathological) curvature. 



A careful examination and comparison of the Neanderthal skidl 

 and bones can leave only one impression on the anatomist or anthro- 

 pologist of to-day, which is that while individually and jointly the 

 various parts represent a human being already far advanced above 

 any anthropoid, they are still in many respects decidedly more 

 primitive in form — that isj on a lower scale of evolution — than the 

 skull and bones of any man of to-day. 



The remains are unquestionably the most precious representatives 

 of the important phase of early humanity which we now include 

 imder the name of Homo neanderthalensis. 



1 Taking all the long bones of the skeleton, so far as preserved, into consideration, the 

 ealculated stature is 163.2 cm. See Boule, M., Annales de Paleontologie, vol. 7, No. 2, 

 1912, p. 117 ; also Rahon, Th&se, Paris, 1892 ; and Mem. Soc. d'Anthropol, Paris, vol. 4, 

 1893, p. 403. 



