522 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1913. 



the surface. The accumulations which formed the terrace included 

 calcareous debris, various archaeological traces of man's presence, and 

 numereous remains of fossil animals. They could be separated into 

 several strata, none of which showed any perceptible disturbance. 



The layer in which the human skeletons were inclosed yielded also 

 bones of the following fossil Quaternary mammals: 



Rhinoceros tichorhinvs (abundant). 

 Equus caballus (very abundant). 

 Cervus elaphus (rare). 

 Cervus tarandus (very r^re). 

 Bos primigenius (fairly abundant). 

 Elephas primigenius (common). 

 Ursus spelceus (rare). 

 Meles Taxus (rare). 

 Hycena spelcea (abundant). 



This layer further contained a sliver of an animal bone which 

 showed a crude adaptation for use, and worked stones of inferior 

 workmanship, referable to the Mousterian period. The layer imme- 

 diately above, undoubtedly of lesser age, gave besides the bones of 

 similar fossil animals also those of a few living species, several thou- 

 sands worked flints, some of which still of the Mousterian type, 

 many worked bones including arrow points, and also fragments of 

 pottery. 



Considering the animal and archaeological remains associated with 

 the human skeletons, together with the absence of disturbance in the 

 superimposed more recent layers, Lohest believed himself justified to 

 refer the Spy remains to the Mousterian period; and the deductions 

 of Fraipont, based on the study of the skeletal remains themselves, 

 were that they belonged to the Neanderthal man. Since then the Spy 

 remains have received careful consideration by every student of early 

 man and the above classification was found to need no radical 

 revision. 



What remains of the Spy skeletons is preserved ^ in the collections 

 of the University of Liege, where, thanks to the courtesies of Messrs. 

 M. Lohest, Charles Fraipont and J. Servais, the writer was enabled 

 to examine the originals. 



The skeletons are currently known as No. 1 and No. 2. The remains 

 of No. 1 comprise the vault of the skull ; two portions of the upper 

 jaw, with five molars and four other teeth; a nearly complete lower 

 jaw, with all (16) teeth; the left clavicle; the right humerus, which 

 has lost its upper epiphysis, and the shaft of the left humerus; the 

 left radius, without lower epiphysis; the heads of the two ulna?; a 

 nearly complete right femur ; the complete left tibia ; and the right 

 OS calcis. The parts that have been identified as belonging to the 

 second subject are the vault of the skull, two portions of the upper 



1 Was, up to the invasion in 1914. 



